The Federal Government and the states governments are supposed to （）each other.A、guideB、controlC、keep independence from

In a big decision,the Supreme Court overturned a 1992 federal law that had effectively banned all states except Nevada from legalizing sports betting.The court had no opinion about sports gambling itself.11 merely reasserted a constitutional restraint on federal power over the states.So before states rush to permit,regulate,and tax sports betting,they may want to first weigh the original reasons behind the now-defunct ban.The big reason given back then by Congress was to maintain sports as a public display of talent,effort,and teamwork-the very opposite of a belief in chance.The integrity of athletes lies in their ability to master the circumstances of a game.In sports,unforeseen circumstances are not considered luck but rather a challenge to test the skills of athletes.Sports should not be sullied by the false hopes of quick riches by gamblers pining for a"lucky break."Like society itself,sports rely on each person's desire to understand the causality of evenrs and make the best of them.Athletes know they cannot put faith in so-called fortune.Nor should governments.If states now boost sports betting by legatizing it,what message are they sending about athletics-in fact,about any physical or mental endeavor?According to Bill Bradley,a former NBA star and the then-senator who sponsored the 1992 law,placing bets on players makes them no better than roulette chips.Sports have a dignity thai defies those who want to see games turning on a twist of fate.Mr.Bradley also gives a second reason for governments not to push betting on sports.Should gambling be allowed on Little League games or middle-school athletics?Even New Jersey,which led the case against the 1992 act,did not want betting on its local teams.Up to now,most major professional sports leagues were opposed to lifting the federal ban.They feared athletes might throw a game or simply rig a play at the request of gambling agencies,as is often the case in many parts of the world.If games were seen as gamed,fans might flee.Now after this ruling,however,leagues might be tempted by the possibility they could get what is misnamed an"integrity fee,"or a percentage of gambling revenues from each game.States,too,appear tempted to gain tax revenue from sports gambling-although they should first look at how little Nevada has actually gainecl from sports betting in comparison to other types of gambling.The uncertainties of legalized,regulated sports gambling in the United States are very high.But one certainty remains:Sports must remain pure in their purpose as a contest of what athletes give in a game,not what betting can take from them.
According to Paragraph l,the Supreme Court's decision

A.restricted Nevada's monopoly on sports betting.
B.banned most states from Iegalizing sports betting.
C.freed states from a federal ban on sports betting.
D.reasserted its supreme power over local legislation.

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Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing （租赁）both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas,and 37 percent of coal were pro-duced from federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undis-covered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,and non-India coal leases accounted for over$304 million in revenues,of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year , federal land managers authorize（许可）rights of way for transmission lines , rail systems , pipe-lines,and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy pro-duction , though the amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal（地热）re-sources produce about 7. 5 billion kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower （水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with depend-ence on foreign off sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral be banned altogether.

Public lands can be used for energy development when______.
A: they go through the land use planning process
B: energy development restrictions are effective
C: federal land managers grant permissions
D: there is enough federal budget

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The United States is a federal union of 50 states.The capital of national government is in Washington,D.C.The federal constitution sets up the structures of the national government and lists its powers and activities.The constitution gives Congress the authority to make laws which are necessary for the common defense and the good of the nation.It also gives the federal government the power to deal with national and international problems that involve more than one state._________(46)
_________(47)The legislative branch makes the laws;the executive branch carries out the laws;and the judicial branch interprets the laws.The President heads the executive branch and the Supreme Court heads the judicial branch.The legislative branch includes both houses of Congress一 the Senate and the House of Representatives._________(48)For example,Congress can pass a law; the President may sign it. Nevertheless,the Supreme Court can declare the law unconstitutional and nullify（取消）it.
__________(49)The President and the members of the Congress are elected directly.But the heads of federal departments and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President. Every citizen votes in secret.__________(50)The people believe that their government should provide a framework of law and order within which they are left free to run their own lives.

_________（46）
A:The election of government takes place every four years.
B:The federal government has three branches:the executive,the legislative,and the judicial.
C: All the powers that are not given to the federal government by the constitution are the responsibility of the individual states.
D:The United States government is based on the principle of federalism,in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments.
E:Consequently,no one knows for sure whether his neighbor actually votes for or against a particular candidate.
F:The constitution limits the powers of each branch and prevents one branch from gaining too much power.

Some states have an income tax ______ tothat of the federal government.

A.same
B.similar
C.alike
D.likely

On which of the following did the Justices agree，according to Paragraph 4？( )

A.Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information
B.States’independence from federal immigration law
C.States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement
D.Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement

On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?

A.Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.
B.States’independence from federal immigration law.
C.States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
D.Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

Since the Great Depression,the United States government has protected farmers from damaging drops in grain prices.

A: slight
B: surprising
C: sudden
D: harmful

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Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing （租赁）both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas,and 37 percent of coal were pro-duced from federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undis-covered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,and non-India coal leases accounted for over$304 million in revenues,of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year , federal land managers authorize（许可）rights of way for transmission lines , rail systems , pipe-lines,and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy pro-duction , though the amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal（地热）re-sources produce about 7. 5 billion kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower （水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with depend-ence on foreign off sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process.If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral be banned altogether.

Geothermal resources,wind turbines,and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are ci-ted as examples to illustrate that______.
A: alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production
B: they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands
C: geothermal resources are more important than the other two
D: the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge

共用题干
第一篇

Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources?Federal lands provide。good deal of US energy
production,the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing（租赁）,both on land and on
the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total
annual US energy production.
In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural ga9,and 37 percent Of coal were produced from
federal lands,representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.Federal lands
are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of
undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil,gas,and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as
State government,In 1999,for example,$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury,
and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to
State governments,Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.Each year,federal land managers
authorize rights of way for transmission lines,rail systems,pipelines,and other facilities related to energy
production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production,though the
amount is still significant. For example , federal geothermal (地热）resources produce about 7. 5 billion
kilowatt-hours（千瓦时）of electricity per year , 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal
energy.There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone,producing electricity for about
300 ,000 people. Federal hydropower（水电）facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced
in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil
sources,pressure on public lands to meet US energy demnand is becoming more intense.Public lands are
available for energy development oniy after they have been evaivated through the land use planning process.
If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources,development restric-
lions or impact moderation measures may be enforced,or mineral production may he banned altogether.

Public lands can be used for energy development when ________.
A:energy development restrictions are effective
B:federal land managers grant perrmssions
C:they go through the land use planning process
D:there is enough federal budget

On which of the following did the Justices agree，according to Paragraph 4？( )

A.Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.
B.States’independence from federal immigration law.
C.States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
D.Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts( )

A.violated the Constitution
B.undermined the states’interests
C.supported the federal statute
D.stood in favor of the states