诺贝尔奖（Nobel Prize）创立于（）。A、1901年B、1905年C、1910年D、1912年

You don't know what you've got till it's gone,Joni Mitchell rold us.So now that the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature will be postponed-it seems worth asking what,exactly,the prize gives us.For decades,the choices of the Swedish Academy have failed to provoke much interest from American publishers and readers.This i.s not just because American readers are resistant to fiction in translation,as publishers often complain.On the contrary,over the last two decades,many foreign writers have made a major impact on American literature.But then,the failure of the Swedish Academy to reflect the actual judgment of literary history is nothing new.If you drew a Venn diagram showing the winners of the Nobel Prize in one circle and the most influential and widely read 20th-century writers in the other,their area of overlap would be surprisingly small.Does this mean that a different group of critics and professors in a bigger,more diverse country woulcl have done a better job at picking the winners?Very possibly.In the mind of the general public,the Nobel basically descends from the sky to bless the winner.But it is nothing more or less than the decision of a particular group of readers,with their own strengths and weaknesses.And the problem with the Nobel Prize in Literature goes deeper.No matter who is in the room where it happens,the Nobel Prize is based on the idea that merit can best be determined by a small group of specialists.This may make sense for the prizes in the sciences,since those fields are less than penetrable to anyone but fellow practitioners.Even in the sciences,however,there is a growing sense that the tradition of awarding the prize to just one or two people distoris the way modern science is actually practiced today:Most important discoveries are the work of teams,not of individual geniuses brooding in isolation.Literature is at least produced by individual authors;but in this case,the Nobel's reliance on seemingly expert judgment runs into a different problem.For literature is not addressed to an audience of experts;it is open to the judgment of every reader.Nor is literature proZressive,with new discoveries replacing old ones:Homer is just as groundbreaking today as he was 2,500 years ago.This makes it impossible to rank literary works according to an objective standard of superiority.Good criticism helps people to find the books that will speak to them,but it doesn't attempt to simply name"the most outstanding work,"in the way the Nobel Prize does.A book earns the status of a classic,not because it is approved by a committee or put on a syllabus,but simply because a lot of people like it for a long time.Literary reputation can only emerge on the free market,not through central planning.
The author mentioned science prizes to support the view that

A.scientific reputation should depend on expert opinion.
B.science prizes should not ignore the work of teams.
C.literary writers should be judged by fellow writers.
D.literary merit should not rely on specialist judgment.

共用题干
Teaching and Learning Medicine Award
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a Series of medical______(51)for their enzyme（酶）research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have______(52)the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were______(53) out in 1901.The last female winner was U.S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who______(54)the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible______(55)are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who______(56)up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors（核激素受体）.
As usual,the award committee is giving no______(57)about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who______(58)dynamite（炸药）,established the prizes in his will in the ______(59)of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to______(60)winners,but medicine winners are typically______(61)for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall , secretary of the medicine prize committee , said the 10 million kronor（瑞典克朗）prize encourages______(62)research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists."Individual researchers probably don't______(63)at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they,re______(64)work,"Jornvall told the Associated Press-They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life______(65)."

60._________
A:find
B:select
C:locate
D:search

共用题干
Teaching and Learning Medicine Award
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a Series of medical______(51)for their enzyme（酶）research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have______(52)the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were______(53) out in 1901.The last female winner was U.S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who______(54)the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible______(55)are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who______(56)up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors（核激素受体）.
As usual,the award committee is giving no______(57)about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who______(58)dynamite（炸药）,established the prizes in his will in the ______(59)of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to______(60)winners,but medicine winners are typically______(61)for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall , secretary of the medicine prize committee , said the 10 million kronor（瑞典克朗）prize encourages______(62)research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists."Individual researchers probably don't______(63)at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they,re______(64)work,"Jornvall told the Associated Press-They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life______(65)."

51._________
A:signs
B:claims
C:deals
D:honors

共用题干
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel
Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel'Prizes were handed out in 1901 .The last female winner was U .S .researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual,the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners,but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall,secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor(US$ 1.3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work,”Jornvall told The Associated Press.“They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.”
In 2006,Blackburn,of the University of California,San Francisco,and Greider,of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack
Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role of＿______.
A: money in medical research.
B:.proteins in cancer treatment.
C: hormones in the functioning of life.
D: telomerase in the growth of cancer cells.

共用题干
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel
Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel'Prizes were handed out in 1901 .The last female winner was U .S .researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual,the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners,but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall,secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor(US$ 1.3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work,”Jornvall told The Associated Press.“They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.”
In 2006,Blackburn,of the University of California,San Francisco,and Greider,of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack
Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

Which is NOT true of Alfred Nobel?
A: He was from Sweden.
B: He was the inventor of dynamite.
C: He established the prizes in his will.
D: He gave clear instructions on how to select winners.

Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes?

A The medicine prize. B The literature prize. C The peace prize. D The economics prize.

Of the following writers，( )is NOT a Nobel Prize Winner.

A.Samuel Beckett
B.James Joyce
C.John Galsworthy
D.William Butler Yeats

You don't know what you've got till it's gone,Joni Mitchell rold us.So now that the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature will be postponed-it seems worth asking what,exactly,the prize gives us.For decades,the choices of the Swedish Academy have failed to provoke much interest from American publishers and readers.This i.s not just because American readers are resistant to fiction in translation,as publishers often complain.On the contrary,over the last two decades,many foreign writers have made a major impact on American literature.But then,the failure of the Swedish Academy to reflect the actual judgment of literary history is nothing new.If you drew a Venn diagram showing the winners of the Nobel Prize in one circle and the most influential and widely read 20th-century writers in the other,their area of overlap would be surprisingly small.Does this mean that a different group of critics and professors in a bigger,more diverse country woulcl have done a better job at picking the winners?Very possibly.In the mind of the general public,the Nobel basically descends from the sky to bless the winner.But it is nothing more or less than the decision of a particular group of readers,with their own strengths and weaknesses.And the problem with the Nobel Prize in Literature goes deeper.No matter who is in the room where it happens,the Nobel Prize is based on the idea that merit can best be determined by a small group of specialists.This may make sense for the prizes in the sciences,since those fields are less than penetrable to anyone but fellow practitioners.Even in the sciences,however,there is a growing sense that the tradition of awarding the prize to just one or two people distoris the way modern science is actually practiced today:Most important discoveries are the work of teams,not of individual geniuses brooding in isolation.Literature is at least produced by individual authors;but in this case,the Nobel's reliance on seemingly expert judgment runs into a different problem.For literature is not addressed to an audience of experts;it is open to the judgment of every reader.Nor is literature proZressive,with new discoveries replacing old ones:Homer is just as groundbreaking today as he was 2,500 years ago.This makes it impossible to rank literary works according to an objective standard of superiority.Good criticism helps people to find the books that will speak to them,but it doesn't attempt to simply name"the most outstanding work,"in the way the Nobel Prize does.A book earns the status of a classic,not because it is approved by a committee or put on a syllabus,but simply because a lot of people like it for a long time.Literary reputation can only emerge on the free market,not through central planning.
Which of the following is true of the Nobel Prize in Literature according to Para.3?

A.Its judges are narrow-minded.
B.lts value is overstated by the public.
C.Its decision is interfered by amateurs.
D.Its rewards for the winners are falling.

Martin Luther King,the great Black leader in the movement against racial discrimination,was（ ）the Nobel Prize for peace for his outstanding contribution to world peace.

A.rewarded
B.awarded
C.conferred
D.granted

共用题干
Teaching and Learning Medicine Award
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a Series of medical______(51)for their enzyme（酶）research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have______(52)the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were______(53) out in 1901.The last female winner was U.S.researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who______(54)the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible______(55)are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who______(56)up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors（核激素受体）.
As usual,the award committee is giving no______(57)about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who______(58)dynamite（炸药）,established the prizes in his will in the ______(59)of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to______(60)winners,but medicine winners are typically______(61)for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall , secretary of the medicine prize committee , said the 10 million kronor（瑞典克朗）prize encourages______(62)research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists."Individual researchers probably don't______(63)at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they,re______(64)work,"Jornvall told the Associated Press-They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life______(65)."

61._________
A:awarded
B:sent
C:invited
D:demanded

共用题干
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel
Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel'Prizes were handed out in 1901 .The last female winner was U .S .researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual,the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners,but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall,secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor(US$ 1.3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work,”Jornvall told The Associated Press.“They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.”
In 2006,Blackburn,of the University of California,San Francisco,and Greider,of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack
Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

The word“kicks”in line 6 from the bottom probably means_______.
A: knowledge
B: motivation
C: income
D: excitement

共用题干
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel
Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel'Prizes were handed out in 1901 .The last female winner was U .S .researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual,the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners,but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall,secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor(US$ 1.3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work,”Jornvall told The Associated Press.“They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.”
In 2006,Blackburn,of the University of California,San Francisco,and Greider,of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack
Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

Who is NOT a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine?
A:Pierre Chambon.
B: Linda Buck.
C: Carol Greider.
D: Elizabeth Blackburn.

Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements【诺贝尔奖的公布从医学奖开始】
　　Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
　　Australian-born U. S. citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
　　Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901. The last female winner was U. S. researcher Linda Buck in 2004, who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
　　Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
　　As usual, the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
　　Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine, physics, chemistry,, literature and peace. The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
　　Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
　　Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee, said the 10 million kronor ( US $1.3 million. prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
　　"Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work," Jornvall told The Associated Press. "They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions."
　　In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.
文章(31~35)

Who is NOT a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine?

　A Elizabeth Blackburn. B Carol Greider . C Linda Buck. D Pierre Chambon.

共用题干
Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel
Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday,kicking off six days of Nobel announcements.
Australian-born U.S.citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel'Prizes were handed out in 1901 .The last female winner was U .S .researcher Linda Buck in 2004,who shared the prize with Richard Axel.
Among the pair's possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen,who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors.
As usual,the award committee is giving no hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholm's Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel,the Swede who invented dynamite,established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine,physics,chemistry,literature and peace.The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Sweden's central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners,but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research.
Hans Jornvall,secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor(US$ 1.3 million)prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don't look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when they're at work,”Jornvall told The Associated Press.“They get their kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.”
In 2006,Blackburn,of the University of California,San Francisco,and Greider,of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore,shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack
Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth.

Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes?
A: The medicine prize.
B:.The literature prize.
C:.The peace prize.
D: The economics prize.

( ) is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.

A.Ralph Ellison
B.Toni Morrison
C.Richard Wright
D.James Baldwin