问答题Practice 2　　The British caricature themselves as a nation of insular xenophobes. This helps to disguise the fact that they are living in one of the world’s most international countries. Saloon bar patriots may be happy to read tabloid newspapers which

◆Topic 7: Living Alone　　Questions for Reference:　　1. More and more people are living by themselves today. Explain the reason.　　2. What’s the advantages and disadvantages of living alone?　　3. Which is the best way to have a happy life according to your understanding?

◆Topic 8：Living Alone　　Questions for Reference:　　1) More and more people are living by themselves today. Explain the reason.　　2) What’s the advantages and disadvantages of living alone?　　3) Which is the best way to have a happy life according to your understanding?

John Adams, one of the American Revolution’s most devoted patriots, was the lawyer who successfully defended the British soldiers charged with murder after the Boston Massacre.

Practice 2　　One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century (1)______, which are known as wire services. Wire service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue (2)______. Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story.　　Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers (3)______. A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and (4)______. Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined (5)______. Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.[A] to play an important role in newspaper operations[B] was the growth of telegraph services[C] and they usually enjoy great prestige[D] they are usually operated by a single owner[E] in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs[F] owned by a single person or organization animation[G] fails to raise enough money.

Practice 2　　Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe, the watershed presidencies marked this progression: Theodore Roosevelt’s and Woodrow Wilson’s. These men held the reins of government when world affairs were drawing a reluctant nation into their vortex. Both recognized that America had a crucial role to play in world affairs though they justified its emergence from isolation with opposite philosophies.　　Roosevelt was a sophisticated analyst of the balance of power. He insisted on an international role for America because its national interest demanded it, and because a global balance of power was inconceivable to him without American participation. For Wilson, the justification of America’s international role was messianic: America had an obligation, not to the balance of power, but to spread its principles throughout the world. During the Wilson’s Administration, America emerged as a key player in world affairs, proclaiming principles which, while reflecting the truisms of American though, nevertheless marked a revolutionary departure for Old World diplomats. These principles held that peace depends on the spread of democracy, that states should be judged by the same ethical criteria as individuals, and that the national interest consists of adhering to a universal system of law.

Practice 9　　The British are the most voracious newspaper readers in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast; they walk to the bus reading a newspaper; they read a newspaper on the bus, as they go to work; and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many “morning papers”, both national and provincial. The most famous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. The various newspapers usually have their own views on politics, but they are not organs of the political parties, with the exception of the Communist Morning Star.　　Bold headlines and a variety of photographs are features of the British press. Some newspapers, such as the sober Daily Telegraph and The Times (which belong to the “quality press'') use photographs sparingly. The more “popular” newspapers, using the small or “tabloid” format, such as the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror and The Sun,  use pictures extensively and also run strip-cartoons and humorous drawings, some of which present striking pictorial comment on politics.

Practice 10　　(1) Advertisement can be thought of “as the making known in order to buy or sell goods or services.” Advertisement aims to increase people’s awareness and arouse interest. It tries to inform and to persuade. (2) There can be no doubt that the growth in advertisement is one of the most striking features of the western world in this century.

Which of the following about The Times is not true?

Practice 4　　America’s singular approach to international affairs did not develop all at once, or as the consequence of a solitary inspiration. In the early years of the Republic, American foreign policy was in fact a sophisticated reflection of the American national interest, which was, simply, to fortify the hew nation’s independence. Since no European country was capable of posing an actual threat so long as it had to contend with rivals, the Founding Fathers showed themselves quite ready to manipulate the despised balance of power when it suited their needs indeed, they could be extraordinarily skillful at maneuvering between France and Great Britain not only to preserve America’s independence but to enlarge its frontiers. Because they really wanted neither side to win a decisive victory in the wars of the French Revolution, they declared neutrality. Jefferson defined the Napoleonic Wars as a contest between the tyrant on the land (France) and the tyrant of the ocean (England) —in other words, the parties in the European struggle were morally equivalent. Practicing an early form of nonalignment, the new nation discovered the benefit of neutrality as a bargaining tool, just as many an emerging nation has since.

Practice 3　　So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America’s birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:　　“Let it be told to the future world… that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive… that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].”　　America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children’s children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. (Barack Obama: Inaugural Address)

Which of the following is the most famous of all British newspapers?

Modern means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shortened the geographical distance of the world. The international community appears to be no more than a global village, in which people of different nations engage themselves in cultural exchange, while seeking common development in harmonious and respectful relationship. I think different cultures should learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses. However, we also have to understand that cultural exchange is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign one, but a process of enriching each other’s national cultures. Of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in its extensive exchange with other cultures, and make contributions to the development of human civilization.

Practice 1　　The greenhouse effect causes trouble by raising the temperature of the planet. The  1 rise is not very much，but the Earth’s ecosystem is very weak，and small changes can have large effects.　　It has been believed that this 2 of one degree will happen by the year 2025. This could probably  3 the North American corn belt, which produces much of the world’s grain， 4 to much higher food prices，and even less food for the Third World than they already have. However，it would also mean that some countries which are further north would be able to  5 crops they had never been able to before，although there is less land as you move north from the corn belt.　　The other serious worry is that rising sea levels from the melting of the polar ice could  6 flood many countries. A rise in sea levels of one meter，which many expels are  7 by the year 2100 (and some as soon as 2030)，would flood 15 percent of Egypt，and 12 percent of Bangladesh. The Maldives in the Indian Ocean would almost  8 disappear. Most of the countries which would suffer most from a rise in sea levels are the poor  9  states，so the islands in the Caribbean，South Pacific，Meditertgiiean and Indian Ocean have formed the Alliance of Small Island States，AOSIS，so they have a  10 voice in international politics and can make the richer developed world listen to their problems.[A] severely 　　　　 [B] damage　　　　　[C] island[D] critical　　　　　[E] grow 　　　　　 [F] mainland[G] louder 　　　　　 [H] predicting 　　 [I] rise[J] completely 　　　 [K] geometry 　　　 [L] actual[M] extending 　　　　[N] 1eading 　　　　[O] develop

Practice 2　　The British are the most voracious newspaper readers in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast; they walk to the bus reading a newspaper; they read a newspaper on the bus, as they go to work; and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many “morning papers”, both national and provincial. The most famous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. The various newspapers usually have their own views on politics, but they are not organs of the political parties, with the exception of the Communist Morning Star.　　Bold headlines and a variety of photographs are features of the British press. Some newspapers, such as the sober Daily Telegraph and The Times (which belong to the “quality press’’) use photographs sparingly. The more “popular” newspapers, using the small or “tabloid” format, such as the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror and The Sun,  use pictures extensively and also run strip-cartoons and humorous drawings, some of which present striking pictorial comment on politics.　　Besides offering features common to newspapers all over the world, British newspapers specialize in pages devoted to criticism of the arts and a woman’s page.  One feature found in many foreign newspapers is missing in British papers: the serial.　　Nearly all papers pay special attention to the reporting of sport and athletics. The evening newspapers (the first editions of which appear in the morning!) are often bought because the purchaser wants to know the winner of a race, or to get a good tip for a race that is still to be run.　　There is no censorship of the press in Britain (except in wartime), though of course all newspapers-like private persons-are responsible for what they publish, and be sued for libel for publishing articles that go beyond the bounds of decency, or for “contempt for court” (e. g. calling man a murderer while he is still being tried). Such lawsuits are infrequent.　　The population of the United Kingdom is now over 55,000,000. About 17,500,000 newspapers are sold every day. The British people, therefore, are great readers of newspapers. There are few homes to which one newspaper is not delivered every morning.  Many households have two, or even three, newspapers every day. One newspaper may be delivered at the house, a member of the family may buy one at the station bookstall to read in the train as he goes to town, and someone else in the family may buy an evening newspaper later in the day.

Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect,　　 (1)____while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence　 (2)____of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact　　  (3)____the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.　　From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through　　　　　 (4)____the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, becoming enormously popular in　　　　　    (5)____the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially,this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and　　　　　　　　　  　(6)____magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his　　　　　 　(7)____portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was　　　　(8)____close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the　　(9)____string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended　　 (10)____

One of the questions coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development (1) com____, the coronal wisdom has been that the billion people living in poor countries could never expect to (2) r____ the standard of living that most of the people in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue super-affluence as though there were no limits (3)____ how much we could consume. We (4) m____ only 6 percent of the world’s people; yet we consume one third of the world’s resources.　　As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from (5) w____ our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, we will no longer be able to think in (6)____ of “our” resources and “their” resources, but only of (7) c____ resources.　　As Americans consume such a(n) (8)____(proportion) share of the world’s resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super-affluence in a world of (9)____(scarce). We are now reaching the point at which we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesn’t make (10) d____. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition in, the world’s resources requires that we re-examine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world.

The British are the most voracious newspaper readers in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast; they walk to the bus reading a newspaper; they read a newspaper on the bus, as they go to work；and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many “morning papers”, both national and provincial. The most famous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. The various newspapers usually have their own views on politics, but they are not organs of the political parties, with the exception of the Communist Morning Star.