回答下列各题 Adults are getting smarter about how smart babies are. Not long ago, researchers learned that4-day-old could understand 26______and subtraction. Now, British research psychologist Graham Schaferhas discovered that infants can learn words for uncomm
题目
回答下列各题 Adults are getting smarter about how smart babies are. Not long ago, researchers learned that4-day-old could understand 26______and subtraction. Now, British research psychologist Graham Schaferhas discovered that infants can learn words for uncommon things long before they can speak. He foundthat 9-month-old infants could be taught, through repeated show-and-tell, to 27______the names of objectsthat were foreign to them, a result that 28______in some ways the received wisdom that, apart from learningto29______ things common to their dally lives, children dont begin to build vocabulary until well into theirsecond year. "Its no 30______that children learn words, but the words they tend to know are words linkedto 31______situations in the home," explains Schafer. "This is the first demonstration that we can choosewhat words the children will learn and that they can respond to them with an unfamiliar voice 32______in anunfamiliar setting. " Figuring out how humans acquire language may 33______why some children learn to read and writelater than others, Schafer says, and could lead to better treatments for developmental problems. Whatsmore, the study of language 34______offers direct insight into how humans learn. "Language is a test casefor human cognitive development," says Schafer. But parents eager to teach their infants should takenote : even without being taught new words, a control group 35______the other infants within a few months."This is not about advancing development," he says. "Its just about what children can do at an earlierage than what educators have often thought. 第(26)题__________
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第1题：
读A、B两篇材料,根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
A Learning How to Learn$22
Children who read this book show great interest in study.Many pictures will help them understand it easily and quickly. Basic Study Guidebook $36
Read this book and learn:
What the three barriers (障碍) to study are and what to do about them
What to do if you are tired of a subject
Children read it to improve the ability to study. How to Use a Dictionary Picture Book for Children $35
Read this book and learn:
How to look up words in a dictionary
What the different marks in a dictionary mean
How to use a dictionary to pronounce words correctly
Buy this book and help children unlock their education.What’s more, you’ll just pay 60% for it before May 10, 2009.
第 1 题 （ ）“__________” can tell you what to do if you are tired of a subject.
A．Study Skills for Life
B．Learning How to Learn
C．Basic Study Guidebook
D．How to Use a Dictionary Picture Book for Children
正确答案：C
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第2题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.Snedeker,Geren and Shafto based their study on children who________.
A:were finding it difficult to learn English
B:were learning English at a later age than US children
C:had come from a number of language backgrounds
D:had taken English lessons in China答案：B解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第3题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community arid around the world for her ability to use American sign language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like,"Who is coming to play?"Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington.There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication.Yet,one thing is sure一Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.Paragraph 2________
A:Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays.
B:Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language.
C:General Information about Washoe.
D:The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized.
E:Debate on Chimps' Intelligence.
F: Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps.答案：B解析：文章第一段主要讲述的是Washoe死亡这件事以及对Washoe概括性的介绍，因此答案应当选择选项C。
第二段主要介绍了当年Washoe学习手语的进展情况及惊人的成果，因此选项B的概括最准确。
第三段主要讲的是一些批评家对Washoe语言能力的质疑，以及Gardner 夫妇的学生对此的反驳，因此选项E“对大猩猩智慧的争论”最符合要求。
第四段只有三句话，主要讲很少人继续从事这项研究的原因是耗时太久，因而选项A总结的最正确。
文章第二段中间提到当Washoe想吃东西的时候就会做手势，因此选择C项。
文章第三段其他研究者对Gardner夫妇的看法提出了质疑，认为Washoe 并不能真正掌握语言，只是凭借记忆学习手语。因此选项A是正确的。
第三段提到Washoe被带到了Ellensburg，在那里它甚至教会了其他三只黑猩猩手语，因此选项D是正确的。
文章第一段和第二段告诉我们Washoe掌握了大量的词汇并能用手语同人交流，它是第一个能了解人类语言的非人类，因此人们自然会认为它很聪明。选项E是正确的。 -
第4题：
共用题干
第一篇
Why Don ' t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century,scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk.One
states that a young child's brain needs time to master language,in the same way that it does to master other
abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key fac-
tor. According to this theory,some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation
occurs.Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007,researchers at Harvard University,who were studying the two theories,found a clever way to
test them.More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S.each year. Many of them no lon-
ger hear their birth language after they arrive,and they must learn English more or less the same way infants
do一that is,by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary
when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language.All of
these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language
is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker,Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27
children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years.These children began learning English
at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task.Even so,just as
with American-born infants,their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft（缺
乏的）of function words , word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical
American-born children,though at a faster clip.The adoptees and native children started combining words in
sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes,further suggesting that what matters is not how old
you are or how mature your brain is,but the number of words you know.
This finding一that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage一
suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains,but because they have only just
started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations.Before
long,the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is
a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question.Adult immigrants who
learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised
as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period"for language development,
after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.Yet we still do not understand this critical period or
know why it ends.When the writer says"critical period",he means a period when________.
A:studies produce useful results
B:adults need to be taught like children
C:language learning takes place effectively
D:immigrants want to learn another language答案：C解析：本题是推理判断题。第二段意思是：通过把被收养的国际儿童作为实验对象，采取不 同的培训方法来解释儿童语言习得的特殊途径。故选D。
由文章第三段第二句话可知这些儿童开始学习英语时要比美国本土学说话的孩子年龄大。
由文章第三段后半部分可知，与美国本土唯呀学语的儿童相比，被收养的中国儿童的 语言发展在其最初开口所说的单词，学习语言的方法和开始造句的阶段都相同。由该段倒数 第二句话“The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip.”该句中at a faster clip意思是“以更快的速度”。由此可知他们学习语言 的速度比本土的孩子快。故选A。
文章第四段讲述了哈佛大学研究人员的实验结果表明儿童说话时只能使用儿童话语 是因为他们需要时间来获得更多的词汇从而扩展对话形式。而从儿童话语过渡到成人话语形 式是一个渐进的过程。从最后两句话“Before long , the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.”可以看出选C。
由文章最后一段倒数第二句话“Researchers have long suspected there is a ' critical period ' for language development , after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency.”可知 研究者猜想在人的语言发展过程中有一“关键期”，过了这一“关键期”，人的语言发展就不可 能达到流利的程度。故选C。 -
第5题：
Intelligence makes for better leaders-from undergraduates to executives to presidents-according to multiple studies.It certainly l that handling a market shift or legislative logjam requires high cognitive abilities.But new research on leadership suggests that,at a certain point,having a higher io can be viewed as 2.3 previous research has shown that groups with smarter leaders perform better by 4 measures,some studies have 5 that followers might subjectively view leaders with extremely high intellect as less effective.Decades ago Dean Simonton,a psychologist at the University of California,Davis,proposed that brilliant leaders'words may simply go 6 people's heads,their solutions could be more complicated t0 7 and followers might find it harder to relate to them.Now Simonton and two colleagues have finally 8 that idea.The researchers 9 379 male and female business leaders in 30 countries,10 fields that included banking,retail and technology.The managers took IQ tests,an imperfect but robust 11 0f performance in many areas,and each was rated on leadership style and effectiveness by an average of eight co-workers.10 12 correlated with ratings of leader effectiveness,strategy formation,vision and several other characteristics-up to a point.The ratings peaked at an io of around 120,which is higher than roughly 80 percent of office workers.Beyond that,the ratings 13.The researchers suggest the"ideal"io could be higher or lower in various fields,depending on 14 technical versus social skills are more valued in a（n）15 work culture."It's an interesting and thoughtful paper,"says Paul Sackett,a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota,who was not involved in the research."To me,the right interpretation of the work would be that it 16 a need to understand what high-IQ leaders do that 17 to lower perceptions by followers.The wrong interpretation would be,;Don't 18 high-io leaders.,"The study's lead author,John Antonakis,a psychologist at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland,suggests leaders should use their intelligence t0 19 creative metaphors that will persuade and inspire others."I think the only way a smart person can signal their intelligence 20 and still connect with the people,"Antonakis says,"is to speak in charming ways."13选？A.recovered
B.declined
C.fioated
D.jumped答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。空格句指出，智商超过1 20．评分。由上句可知，智商在120的时候评分达到最高值．因此智商超过120时，评分应该下降，B.declined符合文意。 -
第6题：
共用题干
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away,but they've also
mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast be-cause they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory,Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives.They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like "oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between.EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers,while the rest were split into two sleepstudy groups.One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels,while the others listened to the other,easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning,and again in the evening,the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed,while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't"turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she add一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.The study shows that the infant's cerebral cortex is working while he is asleep.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：相关信息在第一段：Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep．学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。not only...but also...= not only...but…意思是“不但······而且······”。
第二段第一句提到：By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words.但不是题目句中的vowels（元音）。之后也没有相关信息。因此该信息文中没有提到。
文中没有提到芬兰元音是否容易区分，因此该题的答案为“没提到”。
短文第三段第二句说：They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like"oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish…因此题干的说法是正确的。
第六段第一句说：Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't " turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.该句在语意上和题干一致，因此题干的说法正确。
第六段第二句说：The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she adds一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping（塞入）a language tape under your pillow.该句在内容上与题干内容相反，因此题干的说法错误。
借助常识可判断该题的说法错误：文章中通常不会提出没有用的东西来浪费读者的时间。在文章最后部分，也可以找到答案相关句：But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.it指带前句中的the skill，即the night-time-learning( Cheour发现的内容），该句内容与题干内容不一致，因此题干的说法错误。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away,but they've also
mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast be-cause they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory,Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives.They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like "oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between.EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers,while the rest were split into two sleepstudy groups.One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels,while the others listened to the other,easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning,and again in the evening,the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed,while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't"turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she add一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.An infant can recognize a lot of vowels by the time he or she is a year old.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：相关信息在第一段：Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep．学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。not only...but also...= not only...but…意思是“不但······而且······”。
第二段第一句提到：By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words.但不是题目句中的vowels（元音）。之后也没有相关信息。因此该信息文中没有提到。
文中没有提到芬兰元音是否容易区分，因此该题的答案为“没提到”。
短文第三段第二句说：They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like"oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish…因此题干的说法是正确的。
第六段第一句说：Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't " turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.该句在语意上和题干一致，因此题干的说法正确。
第六段第二句说：The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she adds一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping（塞入）a language tape under your pillow.该句在内容上与题干内容相反，因此题干的说法错误。
借助常识可判断该题的说法错误：文章中通常不会提出没有用的东西来浪费读者的时间。在文章最后部分，也可以找到答案相关句：But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.it指带前句中的the skill，即the night-time-learning( Cheour发现的内容），该句内容与题干内容不一致，因此题干的说法错误。 -
第8题：
共用题干
第一篇
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since.A man when he gets back who has not hada chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins"Twinkle,twinkle,little star",remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows:Once we have learned something,additional learning trials（尝试）increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as"Twinkle,twinkle,little star"and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldi-- locks.We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student
may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for one's future development.The author explains the law of overlearning by________.
A:presenting research findings
B:setting down general rules
C:making a comparison
D:using examples答案：D解析：文章中反复出现了关键词“overlearning”，超量学习，可见这是本文最为重要的内容，而第一段提到有些我们童年学过的东西，即使多年没有练习还没有忘记，“A.cramming”是部分观点，所以C正确。
从第一段的“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember some-thing they learned...”可以看出人们对童年所学的东西印象深刻，而接下来具体举了游泳、骑自行车及讲故事的例子。B、C和D的内容文中没有涉及。
第二段是对“overlearning”的解释，在第三段则提供了具体的例子来说明，他既没有提供科学研究的发现，也没有定下一般规则或者做比较，所以D正确。
尽管乘法口诀表是超量学习的一个例子，但它又是这个规则的例外（第四段），即人们不会把它记得长久，相反，会很快遗忘。作者没有提到这是一个突击学习或者学数学的方法，因此A正确。
作者说到“...is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course...”尽管如此，它在某些时候还是有用的，比如，对于“future development”，可以有适量的突击学习，因为它可以让 ” a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination”，通过考试，所以选B。 -
第9题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the A-merican state of Washington.Washoe, had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to under-stand language.
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and ba-nanas .She also asked questions like,“Who is coming to play?”Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this nev and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.
However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watc-hing her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gar-deners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information a-bout the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today,there are not as many scientists studying lan-guage skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet,one thing is sure-Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph that______.
A: whether chimps can learn a human language remains unanswerable
B: primate have the ability to speak a language
C: animals cannot learn a human sign
D: Washoe is as intelligent as humans答案：A解析：根据第二段的“…many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.”可知，这个试验影响了对灵长目动物的研究。故本题选D。
段落主旨题。仔细阅读本段发现，这是对Washoe学习手语进展的报道。故选A。
根据第三段的“However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.”可知，批评家们认为，Washoe只是重复老师教给她的手语，并没有发展真正的语言技能。故本题选B。
由第一段的“She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.”可知， B正确。由第三段“There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees...”知，是Washoe教三个年轻黑程猩手语的，A错误；根据第一段第二句可知，Washoe出生于非洲，死于美国华盛顿，C错误；根据倒数第二段的“Today,there are not as many sci-entists studying language skills with chimps.”可知，D项错误。故本题选B。
根据最后一段第一句可知，科学家们对于黑猩猩理解人类语言仍有争议，因此黑猩猩能否学习人类语言仍然没有答案。因此选A。 -
第10题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the A-merican state of Washington.Washoe, had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to under-stand language.
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and ba-nanas .She also asked questions like,“Who is coming to play?”Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this nev and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.
However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watc-hing her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gar-deners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information a-bout the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today,there are not as many scientists studying lan-guage skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet,one thing is sure-Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.The Gardeners' experiment with Washoe______.
A: began in 1969
B: won a big prize
C: lasted three years
D: influenced primate research答案：D解析：根据第二段的“…many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.”可知，这个试验影响了对灵长目动物的研究。故本题选D。
段落主旨题。仔细阅读本段发现，这是对Washoe学习手语进展的报道。故选A。
根据第三段的“However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.”可知，批评家们认为，Washoe只是重复老师教给她的手语，并没有发展真正的语言技能。故本题选B。
由第一段的“She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.”可知， B正确。由第三段“There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees...”知，是Washoe教三个年轻黑程猩手语的，A错误；根据第一段第二句可知，Washoe出生于非洲，死于美国华盛顿，C错误；根据倒数第二段的“Today,there are not as many sci-entists studying language skills with chimps.”可知，D项错误。故本题选B。
根据最后一段第一句可知，科学家们对于黑猩猩理解人类语言仍有争议，因此黑猩猩能否学习人类语言仍然没有答案。因此选A。 -
第11题：
单选题Doctor: Morning, Mr. White. Come in. And what can I do for you today? ? ? ?Patient: Well, doctor,_____ I often wake up at 3:00 in the morning and I just can’t get back to sleep. Doctor: I see…and how long has this been going on? Patient:Oh, about a month now. I wonder if you could prescribe something.AI’m having difficulty sleeping.
BI’m watching TV every night.
CI’m getting too much sleep.
DI’m eating too much.
正确答案： A解析： 由横线后“我常在凌晨3点醒，之后无法再入睡”，可知他在睡眠上不正常，即选项A正确。 -
第12题：
问答题How Babies Learn Language During the first year of a child’s life, parents and careers are concerned with its physical development very carefully. It is interesting just how easily children learn language. Children who are just three or four years old, who cannot yet tie their shoelaces, are able to speak in full sentences without any specific language training. The current view of child language development is that it is an instinct—something as natural as eating or sleeping. According to experts in this area, this language instinct is innate—something each of us is born with. But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance. In the middle of last century, experts of the time, including a renowned professor at Harvard University in the United States, regarded child language development as the process of learning through mere repetition. Language “habits” developed as young children were they used incorrect forms of language correctly and ignored or punished when they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child, according to this theory, would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training. Yet even though the modern view holds that language is instinctive, experts like Assistant Professor Lise Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments. The language of the parents and caregivers is so important that the child will learn to speak in a manner very similar to the model speakers it hears.Given that the models parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of “baby talk” in the child’s language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the attention of a young baby. Dr Roberta Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. Experiment show that immediately after birth babies respond more to infant-directed talk than they do to adult-directed talk. When using baby talk, people exaggerate their facial expressions, which helps the baby to begin to understand what is being communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn the difference between sounds. Since babies have a great deal of information to process, baby talk helps. Although there is concern that baby talk may persist too long, Dr Golinkoff says that it stops being used as the child gets older, that is, when the child is better able to communicate with the parents. Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies’ ability to recognize sounds, and says they recognize the sound of their own names as early as four and a half months. Babies know the meaning of Mummy and Daddy by about six months, which is earlier than was previously believed. By about nine months, babies begin recognizing frequent patterns in language. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur frequently, so it is good to frequently call the infant by its name. An experiment at Johns Hopkins University in USA, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two-week period. During each visit the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories included odd words such as “python” or “hornbill”, words that were unlikely to be encountered in the babies’ everyday experience. After a couple of weeks during which nothing was done, the babies were brought to the research lab, where they listened to two recorded lists of words. The first list included words heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact ones that were used in the stories. Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that the babies had extracted individual words from the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list. This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just the sound patterns. It supports the idea that people are born to speak, and have the capacity to learn language from the day they are born. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in conversation. And, significantly, Dr Eliot reminds parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are communicating. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage “How babies learn language”? YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement dose not agree with the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 1．From the time of their birth humans seem to have an ability to learn language. 2．According to experts in the 1950s and 1960s, language learning is very similar to the training of animals. 3．Repetition in language learning is important, according to Dr Eliot. 4．Dr Golinkoff is concerned that “baby talk” is spoken too much by some parents. 5．The first word a child learns to recognize is usually “Mummy” or “Daddy”.正确答案：
1.Y 从第二段The current view of child language development…something each of us is born with可知人类学习语言的能力是与生俱来的。
2.Y 从第三段最后a child…would learn language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training可知20世纪中叶的专家们认为人类学习语言就像训练狗之类的动物一样,通过重复就能实现。
3.NG 第四段开头提出Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its developments,只说明Eliot认为孩子与父母等人的互动对其发展很重要,并未涉及重复在学习语言中是否重要。
4.N 第六段中Dr Roberta Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk,阐述了Dr Golinkoff对baby talk的观点。她认为baby talk对孩子的成长很有好处,而不是说家长对此过分强调。
5.N 第七段中Professor Jusczyk研究发现婴儿四个半月时就能识别自己的名字,大约六个月时便知道“父亲”“母亲”的含义,九个月时开始识别常用的语言形式。可知孩子最早的识别的应该是自己的名字。解析： 暂无解析 -
第13题：
What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Babies’ cries have long been the concerns of scientists.
B.Babies start their speech acquisition at the age of three months.
C.Studying babies' cries helps us understand their speech perception.
D.Babies’ true speech, rather than their cries, should be the focus of study.答案：C解析：推断题。A项在最后一段中没有被提及。该段指出以前科学家认为婴儿在出生后三个月才开始语言习得的观点是不正确的，故B项无法从原文推出。根据“if they want to see what soundsbabies can perceive, remember, and play back, they should look at the soundbabies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she'spracticing to acquire language”，可知研究的重点不仅包括真正的语言，也包括婴儿的哭声，而且科学家研究婴儿的哭声可以了解婴儿的言语知觉，故D项错误，本题选C。 -
第14题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community arid around the world for her ability to use American sign language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like,"Who is coming to play?"Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington.There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication.Yet,one thing is sure一Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent_________.
A:if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B:because she was cleverer than other chimps
C:when she wanted to eat
D:while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E:because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F: while Washoe was learning sign language答案：E解析：文章第一段主要讲述的是Washoe死亡这件事以及对Washoe概括性的介绍，因此答案应当选择选项C。
第二段主要介绍了当年Washoe学习手语的进展情况及惊人的成果，因此选项B的概括最准确。
第三段主要讲的是一些批评家对Washoe语言能力的质疑，以及Gardner 夫妇的学生对此的反驳，因此选项E“对大猩猩智慧的争论”最符合要求。
第四段只有三句话，主要讲很少人继续从事这项研究的原因是耗时太久，因而选项A总结的最正确。
文章第二段中间提到当Washoe想吃东西的时候就会做手势，因此选择C项。
文章第三段其他研究者对Gardner夫妇的看法提出了质疑，认为Washoe 并不能真正掌握语言，只是凭借记忆学习手语。因此选项A是正确的。
第三段提到Washoe被带到了Ellensburg，在那里它甚至教会了其他三只黑猩猩手语，因此选项D是正确的。
文章第一段和第二段告诉我们Washoe掌握了大量的词汇并能用手语同人交流，它是第一个能了解人类语言的非人类，因此人们自然会认为它很聪明。选项E是正确的。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that influenced scientific thought has died.A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington.Washoe had become known in the scientific community arid around the world for her ability to use American sign language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas.She also asked questions like,"Who is coming to play?"Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research.The whole direction of primate research changed.
3. However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes.Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington.There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees.Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication.Yet,one thing is sure一Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.Washoe could make signs to communicate________.
A:if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B:because she was cleverer than other chimps
C:when she wanted to eat
D:while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E:because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F: while Washoe was learning sign language答案：C解析：文章第一段主要讲述的是Washoe死亡这件事以及对Washoe概括性的介绍，因此答案应当选择选项C。
第二段主要介绍了当年Washoe学习手语的进展情况及惊人的成果，因此选项B的概括最准确。
第三段主要讲的是一些批评家对Washoe语言能力的质疑，以及Gardner 夫妇的学生对此的反驳，因此选项E“对大猩猩智慧的争论”最符合要求。
第四段只有三句话，主要讲很少人继续从事这项研究的原因是耗时太久，因而选项A总结的最正确。
文章第二段中间提到当Washoe想吃东西的时候就会做手势，因此选择C项。
文章第三段其他研究者对Gardner夫妇的看法提出了质疑，认为Washoe 并不能真正掌握语言，只是凭借记忆学习手语。因此选项A是正确的。
第三段提到Washoe被带到了Ellensburg，在那里它甚至教会了其他三只黑猩猩手语，因此选项D是正确的。
文章第一段和第二段告诉我们Washoe掌握了大量的词汇并能用手语同人交流，它是第一个能了解人类语言的非人类，因此人们自然会认为它很聪明。选项E是正确的。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school,the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult,teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word“anxiety”to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math,that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year,and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt,for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math一and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
“This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample,”said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.David Geary thinks that______.
A: the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process
B: the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample
C: the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful
D: the study is well based and produces significant results答案：B解析：题干意为“依据第一段的内容来看，芝加哥大学的研究结果是什么？”利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语result of the research, University of Chicago, girls, math skills,boys,female teachers' math skills,girl students' math skills作为定位线索，在第一段中寻找到相关句：In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math．第一段是一个独立成段句，该句意为“在最 近一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能会认为男孩学数学比女孩学得更好”。由此可知女教师对自己数学能力的自信会影响女生对自己数学能力的信心，从而最终会影响到女生的数学能力，因此答案为D项“女教师对自己数学能力的自信与女生的数学能力相关”。
题干意为“第三段暗示了什么？”题干中没有任何细节信息词可以利用，因此 只能利用备选项中的细节信息词/短语math teachers,math learners, subject,difficulty, difficult subject,teachers' confidence, teaching math, students learning math，利用这些线索词 在第三段中找到相关句：Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn一and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Researchers use the word”anxiety“ to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry．第三段第一句提到“如同学生会认为某些科目很难学那样，老师也会认为某些学科既难学也难教”。最后一句提到“这就是研究者所言的‘焦虑’：不自在或担心”。依据这两个句子可以推断出作者想要告诉读者，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程产生焦虑，也就是不自信，因此答案为B项“像数学这样难学的科目可能会影响教师对教授该学科的自信”。
题干意为“根据实验来看，当那些老师感到……时可能会对数学产生焦虑 感”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语experiment , teachers , numbers of a sales receipt作为定位线索，在第五段中找到相关句：The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt.A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math．定位线索词集中出现在第五段第二句和第三句中，因此重点关注这两个句子。这两个句子提到“然后研究者们对教师进行测试，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当遇到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她可能会对数学存在焦虑”。由此可知选项C项“一看销售清单上的数字就感到紧张”是答案。saving the numbers意为“保存数 字”,filling in the numbers意为“数字排序”,memorizing the numbers意为“数字记忆”。 -
第17题：
Intelligence makes for better leaders-from undergraduates to executives to presidents-according to multiple studies.It certainly l that handling a market shift or legislative logjam requires high cognitive abilities.But new research on leadership suggests that,at a certain point,having a higher io can be viewed as 2.3 previous research has shown that groups with smarter leaders perform better by 4 measures,some studies have 5 that followers might subjectively view leaders with extremely high intellect as less effective.Decades ago Dean Simonton,a psychologist at the University of California,Davis,proposed that brilliant leaders'words may simply go 6 people's heads,their solutions could be more complicated t0 7 and followers might find it harder to relate to them.Now Simonton and two colleagues have finally 8 that idea.The researchers 9 379 male and female business leaders in 30 countries,10 fields that included banking,retail and technology.The managers took IQ tests,an imperfect but robust 11 0f performance in many areas,and each was rated on leadership style and effectiveness by an average of eight co-workers.10 12 correlated with ratings of leader effectiveness,strategy formation,vision and several other characteristics-up to a point.The ratings peaked at an io of around 120,which is higher than roughly 80 percent of office workers.Beyond that,the ratings 13.The researchers suggest the"ideal"io could be higher or lower in various fields,depending on 14 technical versus social skills are more valued in a（n）15 work culture."It's an interesting and thoughtful paper,"says Paul Sackett,a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota,who was not involved in the research."To me,the right interpretation of the work would be that it 16 a need to understand what high-IQ leaders do that 17 to lower perceptions by followers.The wrong interpretation would be,;Don't 18 high-io leaders.,"The study's lead author,John Antonakis,a psychologist at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland,suggests leaders should use their intelligence t0 19 creative metaphors that will persuade and inspire others."I think the only way a smart person can signal their intelligence 20 and still connect with the people,"Antonakis says,"is to speak in charming ways."14选？A.which
B.why
C.whether
D.how答案：C解析：本题考查句内语义逻辑。空格句指出，“理想的”智商在不同行业可能高低不同，这取决于在……工作文化qt技术与社交技能栩比巫被看重。由关键词depending on（取决于）、比较结构tcchjlical vcrsus social skills（技术还是社交技能）可知，空格处涉及选择，唯有C.whether符合文意。 -
第18题：
共用题干
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away,but they've also
mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast be-cause they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory,Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives.They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like "oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between.EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers,while the rest were split into two sleepstudy groups.One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels,while the others listened to the other,easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning,and again in the evening,the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed,while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't"turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she add一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.Babies can learn language even in their sleep.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：相关信息在第一段：Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep．学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。not only...but also...= not only...but…意思是“不但······而且······”。
第二段第一句提到：By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words.但不是题目句中的vowels（元音）。之后也没有相关信息。因此该信息文中没有提到。
文中没有提到芬兰元音是否容易区分，因此该题的答案为“没提到”。
短文第三段第二句说：They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like"oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish…因此题干的说法是正确的。
第六段第一句说：Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't " turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.该句在语意上和题干一致，因此题干的说法正确。
第六段第二句说：The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she adds一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping（塞入）a language tape under your pillow.该句在内容上与题干内容相反，因此题干的说法错误。
借助常识可判断该题的说法错误：文章中通常不会提出没有用的东西来浪费读者的时间。在文章最后部分，也可以找到答案相关句：But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.it指带前句中的the skill，即the night-time-learning( Cheour发现的内容），该句内容与题干内容不一致，因此题干的说法错误。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Easy Learning
Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away,but they've also
mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.
By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the university of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast be-cause they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.
To test the theory,Cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives.They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like "oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between.EEG recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.
Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers,while the rest were split into two sleepstudy groups.One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels,while the others listened to the other,easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.
When tested in the morning,and again in the evening,the babies who'd heard the tricky boundary vowels all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognize this sound.They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed,while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.
Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't"turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she add一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.If an adult wants to learn a language faster,he can put a language tape under his pillow.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：相关信息在第一段：Students should be jealous.Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they've also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep．学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。not only...but also...= not only...but…意思是“不但······而且······”。
第二段第一句提到：By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words.但不是题目句中的vowels（元音）。之后也没有相关信息。因此该信息文中没有提到。
文中没有提到芬兰元音是否容易区分，因此该题的答案为“没提到”。
短文第三段第二句说：They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds一one that sounds like"oo",another like"ee"and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish…因此题干的说法是正确的。
第六段第一句说：Cheour doesn't know how babies accomplish this night-time learning,but she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults,babies don't " turn off" their cerebral cortex while they sleep.该句在语意上和题干一致，因此题干的说法正确。
第六段第二句说：The skill probably fades in the course of the first years of life,she adds一so forget the idea that you can pick up the tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping（塞入）a language tape under your pillow.该句在内容上与题干内容相反，因此题干的说法错误。
借助常识可判断该题的说法错误：文章中通常不会提出没有用的东西来浪费读者的时间。在文章最后部分，也可以找到答案相关句：But while it may not help grown-ups,Cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.it指带前句中的the skill，即the night-time-learning( Cheour发现的内容），该句内容与题干内容不一致，因此题干的说法错误。 -
第20题：
共用题干
第一篇
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since.A man when he gets back who has not hada chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins"Twinkle,twinkle,little star",remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows:Once we have learned something,additional learning trials（尝试）increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as"Twinkle,twinkle,little star"and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldi-- locks.We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student
may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for one's future development.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A:People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B:Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C:Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D:Stories for children are easy to remember.答案：A解析：文章中反复出现了关键词“overlearning”，超量学习，可见这是本文最为重要的内容，而第一段提到有些我们童年学过的东西，即使多年没有练习还没有忘记，“A.cramming”是部分观点，所以C正确。
从第一段的“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember some-thing they learned...”可以看出人们对童年所学的东西印象深刻，而接下来具体举了游泳、骑自行车及讲故事的例子。B、C和D的内容文中没有涉及。
第二段是对“overlearning”的解释，在第三段则提供了具体的例子来说明，他既没有提供科学研究的发现，也没有定下一般规则或者做比较，所以D正确。
尽管乘法口诀表是超量学习的一个例子，但它又是这个规则的例外（第四段），即人们不会把它记得长久，相反，会很快遗忘。作者没有提到这是一个突击学习或者学数学的方法，因此A正确。
作者说到“...is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course...”尽管如此，它在某些时候还是有用的，比如，对于“future development”，可以有适量的突击学习，因为它可以让 ” a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination”，通过考试，所以选B。 -
第21题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the A-merican state of Washington.Washoe, had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to under-stand language.
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and ba-nanas .She also asked questions like,“Who is coming to play?”Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this nev and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.
However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watc-hing her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gar-deners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information a-bout the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today,there are not as many scientists studying lan-guage skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet,one thing is sure-Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.The Gardeners' experiment with Washoe was criticized because______.
A: just ask some simple questions
B: only copy teachers' sign language
C: only memorize about 250 words
D: just repeat short sentences答案：B解析：根据第二段的“…many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.”可知，这个试验影响了对灵长目动物的研究。故本题选D。
段落主旨题。仔细阅读本段发现，这是对Washoe学习手语进展的报道。故选A。
根据第三段的“However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.”可知，批评家们认为，Washoe只是重复老师教给她的手语，并没有发展真正的语言技能。故本题选B。
由第一段的“She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.”可知， B正确。由第三段“There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees...”知，是Washoe教三个年轻黑程猩手语的，A错误；根据第一段第二句可知，Washoe出生于非洲，死于美国华盛顿，C错误；根据倒数第二段的“Today,there are not as many sci-entists studying language skills with chimps.”可知，D项错误。故本题选B。
根据最后一段第一句可知，科学家们对于黑猩猩理解人类语言仍有争议，因此黑猩猩能否学习人类语言仍然没有答案。因此选A。 -
第22题：
共用题干
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the A-merican state of Washington.Washoe, had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language.She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to under-stand language.
Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969,the Gardeners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example,Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and ba-nanas .She also asked questions like,“Who is coming to play?”Once the news about Washoe spread,many language scientists began studies of their own into this nev and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.
However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watc-hing her teachers.They said she had never developed true language skills.Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree.Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gar-deners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information a-bout the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today,there are not as many scientists studying lan-guage skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet,one thing is sure-Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.The second paragraph mainly discusses______.
A: a report about Washoe's progress in learning sign language
B:the whole direction of primate research
C: new primate researches conducted by many language scientists
D: an experiment with Washoe at a research center in Africa答案：A解析：根据第二段的“…many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.”可知，这个试验影响了对灵长目动物的研究。故本题选D。
段落主旨题。仔细阅读本段发现，这是对Washoe学习手语进展的报道。故选A。
根据第三段的“However,critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers.”可知，批评家们认为，Washoe只是重复老师教给她的手语，并没有发展真正的语言技能。故本题选B。
由第一段的“She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language.”可知， B正确。由第三段“There,Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees...”知，是Washoe教三个年轻黑程猩手语的，A错误；根据第一段第二句可知，Washoe出生于非洲，死于美国华盛顿，C错误；根据倒数第二段的“Today,there are not as many sci-entists studying language skills with chimps.”可知，D项错误。故本题选B。
根据最后一段第一句可知，科学家们对于黑猩猩理解人类语言仍有争议，因此黑猩猩能否学习人类语言仍然没有答案。因此选A。 -
第23题：
单选题Could you say it again? I can’t understand ______ you are talking about.Ahow
Bwhen
Cwhat
Dwhich
正确答案： A解析：
考查宾语从句。句意：你能再说一遍吗？我不明白你说的什么。understand后为宾语从句，空格处在宾语从句中作talk about的宾语，所以要用连接代词，可先排除A、B两项。根据前一句可知，这里指说话的内容。故选C。