共用题干 第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed me

共用题干
Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found
The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis（结核病）.Most times , the infection remains inactive（不活跃
的）.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB,usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resist-ant forms of tuberculosis.
Current treatments take at least six months.Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic（抗生素）drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection（传染病）that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-act-ing cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how effective it might be .A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured.It would also mean fe- wer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.
The researchers developed a mathematical（数学的）model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is,if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.
The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety.DOTS（短期直接观察治疗）is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tubercu- losis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.
Earlier this year,an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug De- velopment（全球结核病药物开发联盟）says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

The long-term goal of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is a treatment that could work______.
A: in half a year
B: in two months
C: in ten doses
D:in ten days

共用题干
Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found
The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis（结核病）.Most times , the infection remains inactive（不活跃
的）.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB,usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resist-ant forms of tuberculosis.
Current treatments take at least six months.Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic（抗生素）drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection（传染病）that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-act-ing cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how effective it might be .A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured.It would also mean fe- wer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.
The researchers developed a mathematical（数学的）model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is,if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.
The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety.DOTS（短期直接观察治疗）is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tubercu- losis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.
Earlier this year,an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug De- velopment（全球结核病药物开发联盟）says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

Which of the following statements is NOT right in Paragraph 2?
A: Current treatments of TB take at least six months.
B: Shorter treatment program would likely mean more patients cured,and fewer infectious patients.
C:The patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.
D: The patients should stop taking antibiotic drugs as soon as they feel better.

共用题干
Stomach Ulcer

Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the
pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they
may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the
population will develop an ulcer at some time in their lives.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the
tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in
the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say
most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chests or stomachs.This pain is often called heartburn.It
usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are
unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach
fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial
organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra
stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts
say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also
believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people
with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a
person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways
people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount
of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.
And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

Some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their lives.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of get-ting this neurological disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expen-sive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
“Since Aloes Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,“said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Mary-land."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that inter-fere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells'supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govemn the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic
test can be proven it would be an important development,but cautioned that other promising
tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.

Which of the following statements about the Alzheimer's disease is NOT true?
A: It was so named because Aloes Alzheimer first described it.
B: It is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people.
C: It can destroy memory gradually and eventually cause death.
D: There are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.

共用题干
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of get-ting this neurological disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expen-sive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
“Since Aloes Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,“said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Mary-land."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that inter-fere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells'supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govemn the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic
test can be proven it would be an important development,but cautioned that other promising
tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.

The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctorsto______.
A:.cure those with Alzheimer's disease
B: discover the cause of Alzheimer's disease
C: predict who might get Alzheimer's disease
D: find the consequence of Alzheimer's disease

共用题干
Stomach Ulcer
Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer?Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heart burn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H.Pillorie.H.Pillorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ui- cers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other peo-ple.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

Doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers after many years of experiments.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第三篇

Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections
they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-
nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They
are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative
options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries
should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant
strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that
enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention
to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-
drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires
monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-
tive measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in-
clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药
的）industry,and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas
like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers
and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the
selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures,
including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and
the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of
multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international
efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health
Day 2011.

The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A:a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared
B:some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics
C:some infections are caused by antibiotics
D:some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant micro-organisms

共用题干
第一篇

More About Alzheimer' s Disease

Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's
disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological
（神经病学的）disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of
tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
"Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a
way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,"said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute
of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Maryland."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big
step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease."
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5
million and 4 million people in the United States alone.The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and
the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researchers discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that interfere with their
ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the
skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may
be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation.The scientists also
found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing
them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are
open.Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be
proven it would be an important development,but he cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's
have been disappointing.

The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctors to________.
A:cure those with Alzheimer's disease
B:discover the cause of Alzheimer's disease
C:predict who might get Alzheimer's disease
D:find the consequences of Alzheimer's disease

共用题干
第三篇

Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020

The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.

The report says that steps could be taken to reduce about
A:50% of new cancers.
B:33% of new cancers.
C:12% of new cancers.
D:80% of new cancers.

共用题干
第三篇

Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020

The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.

The risk of dying from cancer in developed countries is
A:double that in developing countries.
B:much higher than that in developing countries.
C:the same as that in developing countries.
D:much lower than that in developing countries.

共用题干
Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found
The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis（结核病）.Most times , the infection remains inactive（不活跃
的）.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB,usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resist-ant forms of tuberculosis.
Current treatments take at least six months.Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic（抗生素）drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection（传染病）that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-act-ing cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how effective it might be .A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured.It would also mean fe- wer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.
The researchers developed a mathematical（数学的）model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is,if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.
The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety.DOTS（短期直接观察治疗）is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tubercu- losis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.
Earlier this year,an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug De- velopment（全球结核病药物开发联盟）says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

The mathematical model tested in Southeast Asia shows that a faster cure is developed and in wide use as early as the year of_______.
A: 1990
B:2020
C: 2030
D:2010

共用题干
Stomach Ulcer
Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer.How does a person know he or she has an ulcer?Doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach.This pain often is called heart burn.It usually happens before eating or during the night.It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H.Pillorie.H.Pillorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also believe curing ui- cers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer.The number of people with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if his or her family has had one.In fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other peo-ple.There are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer.Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

Now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第一篇

More About Alzheimer' s Disease

Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's
disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological
（神经病学的）disorder.
The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of
tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
"Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a
way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,"said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute
of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Maryland."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big
step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease."
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5
million and 4 million people in the United States alone.The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and
the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researchers discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that interfere with their
ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the
skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may
be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation.The scientists also
found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium,another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing
them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are
open.Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be
proven it would be an important development,but he cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's
have been disappointing.

Which of the following statements about the Alzheimer's disease is NOT true?
A:It was so named because Alois Alzheimer first described it.
B:It is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people.
C:It can gradually destroy memory and eventually cause death.
D:There are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.

共用题干
Stomach Ulcer

Stomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people.Doctors have been able to help lessen the
pain of ulcers.They could not cure them.Now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers.This means they
may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain.Studies show that ten percent of the
population will develop an ulcer at some time in their lives.So a possible cure is good news for many people.
Ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears.These wounds can harm the
tissue in the stomach,the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines.Fluids in
the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. How does a person know he or she has an ulcer? Doctors say
most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chests or stomachs.This pain is often called heartburn.It
usually happens before eating or during the night. It causes some people to lose their desire to eat,or they are
unable to keep food in their stomachs.Doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach
fluids,which damaged stomach tissue.Now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial
organism called Hillico Bactor Pilorie or H Pilorie.H Pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra
stomach fluid.Doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics.Health experts
say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs.They also
believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. The number of people
with stomach cancer is very high in Japan,Southeast Asia and parts of Africa.
Doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one.In fact a
person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people.There are ways
people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. Doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount
of strong fluids in the stomach.To do this,doctors say,people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol.
And they say people should reduce tension in their lives.

There has been a change in doctors'understanding of the cause of stomach ulcers.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

共用题干
第三篇

Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections
they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-
nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They
are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative
options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries
should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant
strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that
enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention
to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-
drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires
monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-
tive measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in-
clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药
的）industry,and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas
like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers
and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the
selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures,
including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and
the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of
multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international
efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health
Day 2011.

We learn from the passage that_________.
A:antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010
B:without WHO,no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistance
C:WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries
D:further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria

共用题干
第三篇

Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections
they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-
nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They
are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative
options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries
should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant
strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that
enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention
to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-
drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires
monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-
tive measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in-
clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药
的）industry,and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas
like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers
and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the
selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures,
including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and
the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of
multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international
efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health
Day 2011.

Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because_________.
A:new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries
B:infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people
C:scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria
D:there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria

共用题干
第三篇

Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections
they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-
nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They
are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative
options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries
should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant
strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of
antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that
enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention
to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-
drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires
monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-
tive measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in-
clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药
的）industry,and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas
like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers
and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the
selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures,
including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and
the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of
multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international
efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health
Day 2011.

WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT_________.
A:education on the use of antibiotics
B:keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use
C:control of antibiotic use
D:introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics

Doctors must stop telling patients to finish an entire course of antibiotics because it is driving antimicrobial resistance,and patients should be encouraged to continue taking medication only until they feel better to avoid the overuse of drugs,experts from bodies including Pubtic Health England and the University of Oxford are now advising.Current guidance from the NHS and the World Health Organisation says it is essential to'finish a course'of antibiotics to avoid triggering more virulent forms of disease.But in a new article in the British Medical Journal（BMJ）,10 leading experts said the public health message is not backed by evidence and should be dropped.They claim it actually puts the public at greater risk from antimicrobial resistance."Historically,antibiotic courses were driven by fear of undertreatment,with less concern about overuse,"said lead author Martin Llewelyn,professor of infectious diseases at Brighton and Sussex Medical School."The idea that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages antibiotic resistance is not supported by evidence,while taking antibiotics for longer than necessary increases the risk of resistance.We encourage policy makers,educators,and doctors to stop advocating'complete the course'when communicating with the public."Fears that stopping antibiotics early could trigger more dangerous forms of disease date back to Alexander Fleming who found that bacteria quickly become~acclimatised to penicillin and patients who take insufficient doses may transmit a more dangerous strain to family members.In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1945,Fleming warned:"If you use penicillin,use enough."But in the BMJ article the experts argue that when a patient takes any antibiotics it allows dangerous strains of bacteria to grow on the skin and gut which could cause problems later.The longer the course,the more the resistance builds.They also warn that current guidance ignores the fact that patients often respond differently to the same antibiotic,with some needing longer courses than others.Commenting on the research Alison Holmes,Professor of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London said it was'astonishing'that doctors still do not know the optimum duration for taking drugs even though a long course raises the risk of bacterial resistance."The'complete the course'message directly conflicts with the societal messages regarding the changes needed in behaviour and attitudes to minimise unnecessary exposure to anribiotics,"she said.However.Professor Helen Stokes-l.ampard.Chair of the Royal College of GPs,said:"Recommended courses of antibiotics are not random-they are tailored to individual conditions,and in many cases courses are quite short,for example for urinary tract infections.three days is ofren enough to cure the infection.We are concerned about the concept of patients stopping taking their medication mid-way through a course once ihey'feel better'.because improvement in symptoms does not necessarily mean the infection has been completely eradicated.It's important that patients have clear messages and the message to always take the full course of antibioiics is well known-changing this will simply confuse people."Chief medical officer Dame Sally Davies,also said that the message to the public shoulcl remain unchanged until there was further research."National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is currently developing guidance for managing common infections,which will look at all available evidence on appropriate prescribing of antibiotics,"she said."The Departmcnt of Health will continue to review the evidence on prescribing and drug resistant infections.As we aim to continue the great progress we have made at home and abroad on this i-ssue."



Alexander Fleming cautioned that

A.more studies were required to decide whether to change guldance for using antibiotics to the public.
B.enough antibiotics should be used to prevent the spread of deadlier forms of disease.
C.patients under antibiotic treatment had long been worried about overuse.
D.patients should stop taking antibiotics as soon as they became unnecessary for them.
E.many advised courses were too short to treat diseases as minor as urinary tract infections.
F.changing the'always complete the course'message might bring about confusion to people.
G.doctors were supposed to have known the ideal length of antibiotic treatments.

共用题干
第三篇

Global Cancer Rates to Rise by 50% by 2020

The number of new cancer cases worldwide is expected to increase by 50%by the year
2020.But a new report suggests that as many as a third of new cancers could be avoided
by adopting healthier lifestyles and through public health action.
The World Cancer Report,released by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer,shows that cancer has now emerged as a major public health threat in developing
countries as well as rich ones.
Overall,cancer was responsible for 12%of all deaths in 2000.But in many countries
more than a quarter of all deaths are caused by cancer.
The report shows that 1 0 million new cancers were diagnosed globally in 2000,and that
number is expected to rise to 15 million by 2020.Researchers say most of that increase will
mainly be due to steadily aging populations in both developed and developing countries and
current trends in smoking and other unhealthy habits.
"Cancer has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries for the
first time, matching its effect in industrialized（工业化的）countries , " said researcher Paul
Kleihues,MD,director of IARC,in a news release."Once considered a'Western'
disease,the Report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world's cancer burden,in
terms of both numbers of cases and deaths,already occurs in developing countries."
The risk of being diagnosed with cancer in developed countries is double that in less-
developed ones.However,the risk of dying from cancer is much higher in developing
countries , where 80% of cancer patients already have late-stage incurable tumors（肿瘤）
at the time of diagnosis.
Researchers say cancer rates have traditionally been higher in developed countries due
to greater exposure to tobacco,occupational carcinogens（致癌物）,and an unhealthy
Western diet and lifestyle.As less-developed countries become industrialized and more
prosperous,they tend to adopt the high-fat diet and low physical activity levels typically seen
in the West,which increase cancer rates.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A:There were 1 0 million cancer patients worldwide in 2000.
B:Generally,cancer accounted for 12% of all deaths in 2000.
C:Cancer is the cause of over 25%of all deaths in many countries.
D:It is expected that global cancer rates will go up by 50%by 2020.