Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and sh
题目
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the actors. The exploitation of the camera's possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. Those included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema's language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic, it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith's introduction of the American-made multireel picture began an elaborate historical and philosophical spectacle. It reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour's running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author of this passage seems to imply that Victorian novels ______.
A．are like films
B．may not narrate events chronologically
C．exploit cinema's language
D．feature juxtaposed images
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第1题：
As people s living standards improve, the health and beauty business is ( )with more sophisticated products than ever before.
A、astonishing
B、flourishing
C、exaggerating
D、diminishing
参考答案：B
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第2题：
She didn’t go to the cinema because she _____the film before.
A、had seen
B、has seen
C、saw
D、was going to see
正确答案：A
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第3题：
Vicki became suspicious of David Bieber because 。
A. the police called her
B. he looked very strange
C. he came to the hotel with little luggage
D. he came to the hotel the day before New Year’s Eve
正确答案：B事实细节题。 第四段“The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious (怀疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Year’s Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face. ” She said: “He didn’t seem to want to talk too much and make any eye contact (接触). ”中综述了Vicki认为的所有的疑点，选项C和D只是片面的。 -
第4题：
I like going to the cinema __________ TV.A．rather than to watch
B．than watching
C．more than to watch
D．more than watching答案：D解析：考查比较句型。than用作比较时需要与比较级连用，排除B。more than和rather than均可表示对比，但前后的比较项应为平行结构。本题中作比较的是going to the cinema，所以需要用动名词watching，故选D。 -
第5题：
It might seem a great time for indie cinema.（1）Manchester by the Sea,a contender for six Oscars,including best picture,was a darling of the Sundance Film Festival last year.Kenneth Lonergan's masterpiece about family and loss has earned 46m in cinemas in america and Canada,a spectacular return on its production costs of$8.5m.Amazon,which bought distribution rights,will benefit（2）The Break-In",a horror film shot by Justin Escher on his girlfriend's iPhone for less than 20,has earned him more than s 20 000,with more than half a million people having watched at least part of it on Amazons streaming-video pla Atform For every success story,there are thousands of indie films that go unwatched.（3）Chris Moore,a producer of"Manchester by the Sea",compares the output indie films now to trees falling in the forest."Nobody is making a dollar off this business,he says o Mr.Moore may be dramatising but only a little.（4）Since 2002.the median return on investment at the box office for films released in North America with budgets of less than 10m has been 45 cents on the dollar,which is under half the median return of films with a budget of more than$100m according to an analysis of data collected by The Numbers,a film-indus-try website.There are also more flops than ever before.In 2016,almost two-thirds of the 675 films that reported box office results earned less than s 1m.In 2002,only half of the total released failed to reach that figure One problem is that fewer people are going to cinemas.Howard Cohen of roadside Attractions which distributed“Manchester by the Sea”,worms about the young,smartphone-addicted generation lat has grown up without the cinema-going habit.When they do flock to the cinema it is for blockbustaers.Another problem is that the DVD market has crashed.Sales and rentals of films in all physical for mats in America plummeted from$25bn in 2005 to s 12bn last year,according to The Numbers（5）Consumers are using Netflix and sites like it instead,where they dispensed a to$6.2bn in America last year.Netflix and Amazon have injected cash into some of the best indie films,but their effect for lesser titles is likely to be mixed.Amazon allows filmmakers to upload titles directly to its platform to be discovered as"The Break-In"was.But most minor films disappear online,since a viewer can scroll through only so many options.Even the streaming sites themselves,says Anne Thompson of Indie Wire a website,admit that a cold start on one of their platforms can be very cold indeed
4选？A.Indie Film is not about community or the culture-it is more about business and success than ever before
B.Indie films have always been a risky bet for investors
C.The digital age has made it easier than ever to make a film,but also harder than ever to break through the clutter of entertainment options to an audience
D.Movie buffs can find all manner of films online that are made more cheaply still
E.Such ancillary income has in the past made a big difference in getting an indie film to break even
F.The Academy Awards on February 26th will be something of a showcase for films not financed by a major studio.
G.Without much fanfare,a handful of small-budget films have been steadily drawing audiences答案：B解析：空格下文罗列数字,说明独立电影投资有很大的风险性,大多数电影收益都非常低。由此可知,空格处应为主题句,概括该段段意,即独立电影投资有风险。[B]内容为,独立电影对于投资者来说一直都是场有风险的赌博,上下文衔接自然,成总分关系,故为答案。 -
第6题：
Before Tom got to the cinema,the film__________A.had begun
B.will begin
C.has begun
D.begins答案：A解析： -
第7题：
Before I got to the cinema, the film（）
Ahad begun
Bhas begun
Cis begun
Dwas beginning
A
略 -
第8题：
单选题Before I got to the cinema, the film（）Ahad begun
Bhas begun
Cis begun
正确答案： C解析： 暂无解析 -
第9题：
单选题The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of the following results? Ⅰ. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for film subjects. Ⅱ. Audience appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with cinematic syntax was increased. Ⅲ. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were shown to be really nonexistent.AⅡ only
BⅢ only
CI and Ⅱ only
DⅡ and Ⅲ only
正确答案： C解析：
第二段最后一句指出“Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space”，表示Griffith将维多利亚时期小说的创作手法引入电影业的拍摄，而小说的内容则与电影主题无关，Ⅰ表述不正确；第二段第三句表明是Griffith坚持使用“cinematic syntax”进行拍摄，而不是“other film directors”，Ⅱ的表述也不正确；只有Ⅲ是正确的，这点从全文描述可以推断出来：正是Griffith孜孜不倦的创新和试验才使电影拍摄技术突破传统局限，实现技术，体裁，主题的多元化。 -
第10题：
单选题What is true according to the third paragraph?AChief executives spend less time on their jobs than before.
BCareer progression is faster than it used to be.
CCompany hierarchies are barriers to career development.
DThere will be more female executives than male executives in the future.
正确答案： D解析：
文章第三段的主题句是其第一句话，所以本段的主旨是“现如今能够很快地晋升到高层”。而且，第二个句子用具体数字表明人们从第一份工作到最后担任要职所用的平均时间缩短了。选项B的内容与之完全相符，因此答案选B。 -
第11题：
单选题The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into American cinema EXCEPT: _____.Aconsideration of social issues
Badaptations from Tennyson
Cthe flashback and other editing techniques
Ddramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater
正确答案： D解析：
根据文章第三段第二句话：“His early output was remarkably eclectic……such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues”可知，选项A和选项B都是正确的；第二段倒数第二句指出，“These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration……”，因此C项也正确；第二段最后一句提到Griffith借鉴了“Victorian novel”的创作技巧，并不是“Victorian theater”，所以D不符合题干要求，选择D项。 -
第12题：
单选题We see lightning before we hear the thunder because sound travels more slowly than light is.Abefore we
Bbecause
Cmore slowly
Dlight is
正确答案： D解析： -
第13题：
After going to school, little Susan is__ than ever before.
A、excited
B、much excited
C、far much excited
D、far more excited
参考答案：D
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第14题：
It can be inferred from the passage that in artistic creation______.
A．product is more important than process
B．process is more important than product
C．process and product are equally important
D．both process and product are unimportant
正确答案：B
解析：推理判断题。由第四段第二、三、四句可知：父母不应该说“我不会画直线”，他们应该说“我喜欢创新”，因为这会告诉孩子创新的过程比产物重要。可推知，在艺术创新中，过程比产物重要。因此，B项符合题意。 -
第15题：
28． What did people usually do before when they had usedup their films?
A． They often bought a new camera．
B． They often bought some new films．
C． They often showed them to their friends．
D． They returned their cameras to the factory．
正确答案：D
28.D【解析】根据第二段饲数第四句可知。 -
第16题：
Society is now much more diverse than ever before.A:colorful
B:attractive
C:flexible
D:varied答案：D解析：本句意思：现在的社会比以前更加多元化了。diverse意思是“不同的，多种多样的”，与 varied（各种各样的，多变的）意思相近。colorful丰富多彩的，鲜艳的；attractive有魅力的，引人注目的；flexible灵活的，易弯曲的，柔韧的。 -
第17题：
Society is now much more diverse than ever before.A:colorful
B:attractive
C:flexible
D:varied答案：D解析：本句意思：现在的社会比以往更加多样化了。diverse意为“多种多样的”，与varied（各种 各样的）意思相近。colorful多彩的；attractive引人注目的；flexible灵活的。 -
第18题：
Before I got to the cinema, the film（）
Ahad begun
Bhas begun
Cis begun
A
略 -
第19题：
Before I got to the cinema, the film（）
- A、had begun
- B、has begun
- C、is begun
- D、was beginning
正确答案:A -
第20题：
单选题Before I got to the cinema, the film（）Ahad begun
Bhas begun
Cis begun
Dwas beginning
正确答案： D解析： 暂无解析 -
第21题：
单选题The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.Adiscuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema
Bdocument Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films
Cdeplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith
Danalyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multi-reel film
正确答案： B解析：
通读文章可知，作者主要介绍了David W. Griffith对于电影事业的发展做出的贡献，包括电影拍摄，剪辑以及电影题材的选择等方面，B项和D项只涉及了其中的一个方面，不够全面，C项在文中没有提及，只有A项准确概括出了文章的主要目的。 -
第22题：
问答题简述Griffith裂纹扩展的动力正确答案： 应变能释放（裂纹扩展力）即裂纹扩展单位面积所降低的弹性应变能；
阻力：形成新表面的表面能，即k=√2Er（应力场强度因子）材料的本证系数，反映了具有裂纹的材料对外界作用的抵抗力，也是阻止裂纹扩展的能力；
提韧性降脆方式：
①微晶、高密度、高纯度：消除缺陷，提高晶体完整性，采用热压工艺或制成纤维材料及晶须；
②提高抗裂能力与预加应力：a.在材料表面造成一层压应力层，可提高抗拉强度，b.热韧化：通过加热冷却在表面层中人为地引入残余压应力；
③化学强化：改变材料的表面化学组成，使表面的摩尔体积比内部大，表面体积膨胀受到内部材料的限制产生两向状态的压应力；
④相变增韧：利用多晶多相陶瓷中某些相成分在不同温度下的相变，起到增韧效果；
⑤弥散增韧：在基体中渗入具有一定尺寸的微细粉料，达到增韧的效果，要求弥散分布，即具备粉体弥散相和基体之间的化学相容性和物理润湿性；解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
单选题The owner or Master of a towing vessel shall ensure that all tests and inspections of gear take place and are logged（）.Aon each watch，immediately before being relieved
Bbefore embarking on a voyage of more than 24 hours
Cdaily，at 1200 local zone time
Dweekly，before 0000 Sunday
正确答案： C解析： 暂无解析