Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
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Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
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第1题：
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf′s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it′s the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
The author considers the introduction of the computer as a revolution mainly because _____________.A.it gives rise to mass production
B.it can do the tasks that could only be done by people before
C.it has helped to switch to an information technology
D.it has a great potential impact on society答案：D解析：细节题。根据第三段的第一句话“Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution”．几乎没有什么技术发展能比计算机革命对我们的生活造成的影响更大了。再根据第三段中的“The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change”可知．工业革命之所以是一场革命，主要原因是它引起了巨大的社会变革。计算机对人类社会生活产生了巨大的影响．所以计算机的引进也是一场革命。故选D。A项的主语是工业革命而不是计算机革命。B项的主语是 specialized machines而不是computer。C项表述与原文不符。 -
第2题：
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf′s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it′s the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
why does the author mention the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl?A.To show the worry that technology may eventually destroy our world.
B.To tell the readers that as a human creation, technology may go wrong and do harm to human.
C.To emphasize the responsibility we have in ensuring human safety in a technological world.
D.To stress the fact that technology usually goes wrong if not given close examination.答案：B解析：推断题。根据第二段中的“The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology；they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them fight．"可知．美国挑战者号航天飞机的爆炸以及俄罗斯切尔诺贝利核泄漏事件彻底暴露了技术的人性特征。也就是说技术是人为创造出来的，有时也会出错，会对人类造成危害。故选B。A项是悲观者的担忧，而作者不太认同；C项在这句话的后面提到了，且不是该例证的问题；D项中usually一词用的不恰当。 -
第3题：
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf′s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it′s the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
The passage is based on the author′ s _____________.A.keen insight into the nature of technology
B.prejudiced criticism of the role of the industrial Revolution
C.cautious analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computers
D.exaggerated description of the negative consequences of technology答案：A解析：推断题。题干意为“这篇文章是基于作者的__________”。A项“对技术本质的精辟洞察力”， B项“对工业革命的作用带有偏见的批判”，C项“对人类思维被计算机取代的谨慎分析”，D项“对技术的负面影响的夸张描述”。B、C两项在原文找不到作者的相关观点；D项虽然文中提到了技术带来的负面影响，却没有对此进行夸大的描述，此三项均可排除。故选A。 -
第4题：
The industrial revolution modifed the whole structure of English society.A:destroyed
B:broke
C:smashed
D:changed答案：D解析： -
第5题：
The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
正确答案:Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:
(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;
(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization.
(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.
Britain also had useful mineral resources.
(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. -
第6题：
The Hundred Years’ War and its consequences.
正确答案:The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England’s desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.
The English’s being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. -
第7题：
What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?
正确答案:The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.
1. The feudal system was completely established in England.
2 .There was a much stronger control over the country by the Romanbacked Catholic Church..
3. French gradually became the official language.
4. There were numerous contacts between England and France. -
第8题：
问答题Passage 2 A land free from destruction, wealth, natural resources, and labor supply--all these were important 1 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. 2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special", was men-- creative individuals who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and 4 business organizations to reshape the society. The men who created the machines of the Industrial Revolution 5 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 6 inventors than scientists. A man who is a pure scientist is primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working 7 that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is usually trying to make something 8 has a concrete use. He tries to solve a problem by following the theories of science or by experimenting 9 trial and error. Regardless 10 his method, he is working to obtain a specific result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of many other objectives. Most of the people who developed the machines of the Industrial Revolution were 11 . A 12 were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had little or no training 13 science might have made their inventions, 14 a groundwork had been laid by scientists years 15 .正确答案： 1. factors 根据句意,没有破坏的土地、财富、自然资源和劳动力都是英国成为工业革命中心的重要因素。因此填入factors。
2. But 通过后面的not enough可知,空格处应该填入表示转折的But。注意首字母大写。
3. else 文章一开始就提到一系列因素,接着说这些因素还不够,由此可知,此处填入else,修饰something表示其他事物。
4. establish/found/start 空格部分需填入动词与business organizations搭配。
5. came/were 句意:工业革命中发明各种机器的人有着各种背景,从事各种职业。come from/ be from来自。注意此处需使用过去时态。
6. more more...than...后跟形容词、副词、动词、名词等,且more后部分和than后部分词类相同,表示“与其说……不如说、是……不是、是……更是、有……无……”等。
7. so so that表示结果。这里指科学家的工作不一定是要让他的发现能够被使用。
8. that 空格部分填入that引导定语从句修饰不定代词something。
9. through trial and error反复试验;不断摸索。这里填入through,意思为“通过,凭借”。
10. of regardless of不顾,不管。
11. inventors 通过上文介绍可知,发明家更倾向于发明实用的东西,而科学家的研究不一定能够被使用。因此该句应该填入inventors。
12. few 此处填入few。a few“一些”,与上一句中的most of the people形成对比。
13. in training in sth.关于……的培训。
14. because 逗号后面的句子为前面的句子的原因,因此填入because。
15. before 句意:甚至那些很少甚至没有接受科学培训的人也可能会发明东西,因为科学家数年前就已经奠定好了基础。years before数年前。解析： 暂无解析 -
第9题：
单选题What do we find after the development of the laser in the 1960s?AIndustrial revolution brought surgery changed greatly.
BMedical help became available for industrial workers.
CThe study of art went through a complete revolution.
DHuman being’s methods in surgery changed greatly.
正确答案： D解析：
事实细节题。由关键词the development of the laser定位第一段最后一句可知“激光为外科手术带来革命性的变化”，故选D项。 -
第10题：
问答题The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)正确答案： Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:
(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;
(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization.
(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.
(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.
Britain also had useful mineral resources.
(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.解析： 暂无解析 -
第11题：
问答题The Glorious Revolution of 1688正确答案： In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
单选题During the Industrial Revolution people began to like to have a tan because it was a sign of______.Agood health
Bgreat strength
Cwealth
Dyouth
正确答案： C解析： -
第13题：
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They admitted that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the（ ）man.A.plain
B.average
C.mean
D.normal答案：B解析：average“普通的，一般的”，与ordinary同义，修饰man最恰当，意为“普通人，平民百姓”，故选[B]。A.plain有“平凡的”之意，一般不用来修饰人；如用来修饰人，意为“不漂亮的，不美的”。C.mean修饰人时，意为“卑鄙的”；D.normal“正常的，常态的。 -
第14题：
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf′s assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.
Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.
Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.
In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. And it′s the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
According to the passage, when will a spear or a robot has the quality of technology?A.When it is utilized by human beings.
B.When it is used to produce new products.
C.When it has some culture meanings as physical object.
D.when it is useful for both man and animal.答案：A解析：细节题。根据第二段中的“Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts，neither is much more than a solid mass of matter．"可知，除非人们用矛去捕获猎物或用机器人去生产机器零件，否则二者都只不过是硬邦邦的物体而已。也就是说只有这些东西为人类所用的时候，它们才具有技术特性，故选A。 -
第15题：
The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.A:destroyed
B:broke
C:smashed
D:changed答案：D解析： -
第16题：
工业站 industrial station
正确答案: 设在工业企业专用线、专用铁道与国家或地方铁路的连接处，主要为工业企业铁路外部运输服务，其产权属铁路的车站。 -
第17题：
Britain’s Industrial Revolution took place between （）and （）
正确答案:1750；1850 -
第18题：
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
正确答案:In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. -
第19题：
单选题What is the best title for this passage? ______.AThe Theory of Division of Labour and Its Significance
BThe Industrial Revolution and Its Significance
CThe Causes of Industrial Revolution
DAdam Smith, the Economist and Philosopher
正确答案： B解析：
全文围绕分工理论的产生、影响展开，介绍了亚当·斯密是如何发明这一理论，这一理论又是如何带来工业革命的变革，影响人们生活至今。B项“工业革命及其意义”，工业革命只是一个产物，不全面，C项偏离主题，如果以D项为题，这篇文章就成了一篇个人传记。故选A。 -
第20题：
单选题From the passage we know that the Industrial Revolution ______.Aled to Adam Smith’s idea of specialisation
Bwas finished in the nineteenth century
Calso has its side-effects in society
Dput an end to poverty in the world
正确答案： A解析：
考查对原文内容的理解。A项本末倒置，先有的分工论再有的工业革命；B项和文中最后一段第一句 “The revolution is not over”不符；c项与文中最后一句表述的含义相吻合，即“对社会有负面影响”；D项文中未提，属于绝对项。故选C。 -
第21题：
问答题Consequences of the Industrial Revolution正确答案： （1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;
（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.
（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in an appalling condition.
（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.解析： 暂无解析 -
第22题：
填空题Britain’s Industrial Revolution took place between （）and （）正确答案： 1750,1850解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
单选题The mass production of goods from the Industrial Revolution in the 1800’s made person-to-person selling less efficient than mass distribution.Ainfluential
Beffective
Csensible
Dfrequent
正确答案： A解析： 句意：十九世纪工业革命后商品的大量生产使得个人之间的买卖效率低于大规模运销。efficient直接生效的，效率高的。effective与之同义。influential有影响力的。sensible可察觉的，明智的。frequent频繁的。