Language is p（）in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
题目
Language is p（）in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
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更多“Language is p（）in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.”相关问题
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第1题：
Passage Five
In every language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, consist of the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. They concern the common things of life, and are the goods in trade of all those who speak the language. Such words may be called "popular", since they belong to the whole people; and are not the exclusive possession of a limited class.
On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home or in the market-place. Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our school-mates, but from books that we read, lectures that we bear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in a style. raised above the habitual level of everyday life. Such words are called "learned". And the distinction between them and "popular" words is of great importance to a right understanding of the language.
51. One class of words can be learned ______.
A. through everyday life
B. without too much practice
C. from popular songs
D. with a dictionary in one's hand
正确答案：A
答案为A。根据第一段第二句，there are those words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation，which we learn作出该项选择。 -
第2题：
Which of the following can be said to be the smallest meaningful unit of languageA Letters
B Morphemes
C Words
D Sentences
答案：B
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第3题：
For any Englishman there can never be any discussion as to who is the world's greatest writer. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him：that of William Shakespeare.
Every Englishman has some knowledge of his work. All of us use words and phrases from Shakespeare's writings that have become a part of the English-speaking people.
Shakespeare, more perhaps than any other writer, made full use of the English language. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English; Shakespeare in his works used about twenty-five thousand!
There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman!) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare uses it. Such a study is well worth the effort (it is not, of course, recommended to beginners), even though some aspects of English usage, and the meaning of many words, have changed since Shakespeare's day.
1). From the first two sentences of the passage we can conclude that ________.
A. it can't be discussed about who is the world's greatest dramatist
B. Shakespeare is regarded as the greatest writer
C. Englishmen like to discuss about who is the world's greatest writer
D. it can't be discussed about who is the world's greatest poet
2). According to the passage many English words and phrases that we use today are from _____.
A. Englishmen
B. English speaking people
C. Shakespeare's works
D. ancient people
3). To learn the richness of the English language, people should ______.
A. write and read more
B. be glad to be a foreigner
C. learn from an English man
D. read Shakespeare's plays
4). The author does not suggest beginners reading Shakespeare's plays probably because _____.
A. only Englishmen can understand his plays
B. some of English usage and the meaning of many words have changed
C. the works are too difficult for a beginner
D. the works are for native speakers
5). In this passage the author wants to _______.
A. tell how great a writer Shakespeare is
B. tell that some aspects of English usage have changed since Shakespeare's day
C. tell that some English words are out of use now
D. show the richness of English language
正确答案：BCDCA
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第4题：
Which of the following assumptions fails to describe the nature of vocabulary or vocabularylearning
A.Words are best learned in context.
B.A lexical item can be more than one word.
C.All words in one language have equivalents in another.
D.Learning a word includes learning its form, meaning and use.答案：C解析：考查词汇教学。句意为“下列哪项说法没有正确描述词汇或词汇学习的性质”A项“最好在语境中学习单词”；B项“一个词条可以对应不止一个单词”：C项“在一门语言中的所有单词在另一门语言中都有对应的词汇”，但是事实上一门语言的词汇与另外一门语言的词汇并不是一一对应的关系，比如“巧克力”就是音译过来的一个原本在汉语里没有的词汇；D项“学习一个单词包括学习其形式、意义和用法”。故选C。 -
第5题：
高中英语?词汇
一、考题回顾
题目来源1月5日 下午 太原市 面试考题
试讲题目1.题目：
2.内容：
I am always the first one to get to the office. Meetings and phone calls take up a large part of the day.Every minute of the day is filled with urgent matters.By around eight o'clock,I usually find some time to do my own paperwork and answer some personal e-mail.
3.基本要求：
(1)十分钟全英试讲
(2)讲解划线处词汇
答辩题目What will you do if students can’t understand the words you explain?
二、考题解析
【教案】
Teaching aims:
Knowledge aim:
Students are able to master the meaning and the usage of underlined words and know the relative words and phrases:get to, take up, be filled with,arrive in/at, occupy,occupation,be full of
Ability aims:
(1) Students can guess the meaning of new words and phrases while reading
(2)After this lesson, students can learn how to use these and relative words and phrases to describe their daily life.
Emotional aim:
Students are able to love learning English after this lesson.
Key and difficult point:
Key Point: master the meaning and the usage of new words and phrases :get to, take up, be filled with,arrive in/at, occupy,occupation,be full of
Difficult Point: understand the meaning of the new words and phrases and use them in their daily life.
Teaching procedures:
Step 1: Warming-up
1. Greetings.
2. Play a video about a person who is busy with his work life and ask students several questions:
What can you see from this video?
Can you describe information in detail using your own language?
Step 2: Presentation
1. Present the paragraph on the PPT. And then ask students to read this passage to guess the meaning of underlined words and phrases. Give students 5 minutes to discuss in the group. And Invite students to give the answers.
2.Then paraphrase these words in English using the pictures. For example, get to means arrive in/at or reach. If something takes up a particular amount of time, space, or effort, it uses that amount. At the same time, present a picture with a man coming the office through the door.
3. Besides introduce the relative phrases, such as take over, take on, take in and so on.
Step 3: Practice
1.Make sentences: ask students to make sentences using the new words. Then correct the grammar mistakes and give the positive feedbacks.
2.Make up a new story: Give students several pictures in disorder and ask them to describe these pictures using the sentences which concludes the new words that have just learnt. Then rank these sentences into a new story. Give students 5 minutes to discuss with their deskmates and then invite several students to share their stories.
Step4: Production
1. Discussion: Ask students to use the words and expressions learnt to describe their daily life with their partner. After 5 minutes, invite several students to share their daily life.
2. Survey: Ask students to make a survey about your classmates’ daily life using three questions in the group. Four person in one group and finish the chart in 10 minutes.Then invite the representatives to make a report for the whole class.
1.What will you do if students can’t understand the words you explain?
2. Do you have the experience in teaching?答案：解析：1.First, if students can’t understand the words that I explain, I will change another way to try my best way to explain this words again. Maybe last way isn’t fit for our students. For example, our students are in high school so last way may be the paraphrase, which is just in language not use other methods or approaches. I will add the video or pictures to help students to understand the new words.
Second, after class, I also need to reflect myself. Not only do I need to learn more ways to use in our class, but also I should know more my students, especially their understanding to the new knowledge in case the same situation comes again.
2.Yes, I do. I have taught a teenager in high school. She was the junior. I mainly taught her grammar. I found her grammar was not very systematic. So I taught her from the grammar in words to the grammar in sentences in order to make her master the whole grammar, especially those always appeared in her exams. And during the teaching, I find the most important that it is the teacher should have a better understanding of the whole grammar and the high school English course. Besides, the teacher should pay more attention to the patience. It will make students relax when their learning and get along with the students. -
第6题：
共用题干
Transport and Trade
1. Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.
2. The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods were delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
3. Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.
4. By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be earned. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
5. Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information .Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want______.
A:to send goods to various parts of the world
B:at any time during the year
C:has greatly promoted trade
D:is it possible to produce on a large scale
E:the transport of goods
F:it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：B解析：第二段首句说的是“在过去的两百年中，交通的大发展伴随着贸易的大增长”，点明了交通和贸易的关系，且例句中提到“大型的快速船只（交通方式）促进英国和新西兰之间进行肉类食品的贸易发展”，也表明了“交通对贸易的影响”，而段落最后一句说 “没有从遥远的地方带来的食物，大城市就不能生存下去”，因此可以判断该段讲述的是“交通对贸易的影响”。
第三段第三句说的是“交通给我们提供了比以前更多种多样的食物和商品”，且本段的最后-句是说“交通提高了我们的生活水平”,“更多种多样的食物和商品”与“生活水平”相关，因此判断A是答案。
由第四段第-句话中“...transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.”可知，交通促使工业和贸易建立起来，因此判断D是答案。
由第五段中“Means of communication...send information...advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.”可知，本段主要讲述的是信息在贸易中的作用。
空格后需要谓语结构，从搭配、含义和语法结构上看C项合适。该句含义是：现代通讯方式的发展已经大大地促进了贸易的发展。
Only引导的状语从句结构放在句首时，句子需要倒装，因此D项合适。该句的含义是“只有当商品能被很快地运往世界各地时，大规模的生产才有可能进行”。
由文章第三段倒数第二句话“Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of year can now be obtained all through the year.”可知，运输使得人们可以在一年的任何时候吃上他们想吃的任何食物。
由文章第五段第一句话“Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.”可知，在现代社会的贸易中，信息的传输和食物的运输同样重要。 -
第7题：
Grammar is a description of the（）of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.
structure
略 -
第8题：
Language is p（）in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
正确答案:productive -
第9题：
问答题Language exists to communicate whatever it can communicate. Some things it communicates so badly that we never attempt to communicate them by words if any other medium is available. Those who think they are testing a boy’ s “elementary” command of English by asking him to describe in words how one ties one’ s tie or what a pair of scissors is like, are far astray. For precisely what language can hardly do at all, and never does well, is to inform us about complex physical shapes and movements正确答案：
语言的存在就是用来表达它所能表达的一切。有些事情用语言表达效果太糟,所以如果有其他的媒介,我们从不用语言去表达。有人认为,让小孩用语言描述怎样系领带,或者描述一把剪刀的样子,就能测出他语言的“基本”水平,这种看法是完全错误的。语言做不到,也从来做不好的事,恰恰就是描述复杂的物体形状和动作。解析： 暂无解析 -
第10题：
填空题Grammar is a description of the（）of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.正确答案： structure解析： 暂无解析 -
第11题：
填空题Language is p（）in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.正确答案： productive解析： 暂无解析 -
第12题：
单选题Which of the following assumptions fails to describe the nature of vocabulary or vocabulary learning?AWords are best learned in context.
BA lexical item can be more than one word.
CAll words in one language have equivalents in another.
DLearning a word includes learning its form, meaning and use.
正确答案： D解析： -
第13题：
Animals other than humans have not developed communications comparable to human language. But is it possible that other animals have the capacity to learn a language if they are adequately taught? Obviously, this is a fascination notion. The idea of communicating directly with another species has long been a part of human folklore and children’s fantasies. But on a scientific level, the question of whether animals can learn a language is important primarily because it relates to the controversy()between the cognitive and the learning approaches to language. If language is dependent on and is actually an outgrowth of the intellectual structure of the human mind, there is the strong supposition that only humans are capable of using language. Therefore, Noam Chomsky and other psycholinguists have argued that only humans can learn a language, while most behaviorists feel that with sufficient patience it should be possible to teach an animal some sort of language. Although the two schools of thought clearly differ on this point, it is not really a crucial test of the two theories. If a chimpanzee can master a simple language all it would mean is that the chimp’s intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to ours than we thought. It would not necessarily imply that our intellectual structure is unimportant in our own mastery of language. Thus, teaching an animal language is an impressive demonstration of the power of learning techniques, but it is not evidence that language is developed entirely through learning.On the other hand, the question of whether other animals can learn a language is fascination in its own right, aside from its value as a test of the two theories of language development. Accordingly, whatever one’s position on the theoretical dispute, we must consider training an animal to use language a dramatic accomplishment.
36.Which of the following statements is the view of psycholinguists?
A. The cognitive view of language learning says that only human beings can learn language because it is an outgrowth of the structure of the human mind.
B. Other animals simply could master a language.
C. The animals intellectual capacity is much better than human beings.
D. Language is developed by learning.
37.The behaviorists’ view is that __________.
A. language is actually an outgrowth of intellectual structure of the animal’s mind
B. animals have not developed communications system
C. given enough patience, a man should be able to teach an animal some sort of language
D. only human beings can learn language
38.That an animal can master a simple language means that __________.
A. human’s intellectual structure is not important
B. animals’ intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to the humans’
C. the learning techniques are much more important
D. language is developed completely by learning
39.The main idea of paragraph two is ___________.
A. teaching a chimp language is not crucial test of the two theories
B. their brain structure is not similar to human
C. using various methods to let the chimp master a language
D. training a nonhuman to use language is an amazing accomplishment
40.The best title for this passage would be _________.
A. Animals’ language
B. Human’s language
C. Teaching Animals’ Language
D. Can Other Animals Acquire Language?
参考答案：
36.B37.A38.D39.C40.C
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第14题：
It is always interesting to visit another country,especially for those who have never travelled a great deal Foreign(1) can be very educational for anyone if he is interested enough to make preparations beforehand.Learning the language of the new country would be difficult for the traveler,(2) benefits of such an ef fort would become obvious immediately on his arrival.It way not seem important to him when he comfortably stays at home, but knowing how to order a meal or book a room is necessary for the newcomer in a strange country.Without knowing the language, it is very difficult (3) the stranger to understand the people of the new country and their customers.
Of course, in our small world it is of ten possible to find someone who understands our own, but this is only second-best for the traveler.To be sure, he can see places and things without the use of a language, but places and things (4) not the heart of any country.To get the greatest benef it from a trip(5)another country, it is how important for the visitor to have an understanding of the language.(完型填空)
A.Travel
B.Are
C.For
D.But
E.To
参考答案：ADCBE
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第15题：
Curiosity is not only a possible motivation，it is also a great help in your learning languages. Remember that a language is not (11)______ a grammatical system. It is the (12)______ of a certain culture of different cultures. It is no good (13)______ strings of words and lists of grammatical rules (14)______ you know as much as possible about the background of the language，so that you can understand the ideas conveyed and the references made，as well as the inferences which can (15)______ the information clearly given. so learn as much as you can about the different cultures which (16)______ English-watch television programs，listen to the radio，try to obtain (17)______ and magazines written by native speakers，look at advertisements，and，above all，read-not textbooks， (18)______ novels，poems and plays. They will show you how a language is (19)______ used. The English language is a living form. of expression which derives much of its (20)______ from the context. and much of its effect from a whole network of extra-linguistic knowledge.
(11)
A．just
B．even
C．so
D．that
正确答案：A
解析：不仅仅是。故选just。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Language and Infants
How important is language to young children?Is language,like food,a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged?Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thirteenth century it may be.Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue he told the nurses to keep silent.
Within the first year,all the infants died.People realized clearly in this case that there was more than deprivation of language._______(46)Without good mothering,in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such cruel deprivation is allowed to exist that ordered by Frederick.Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the cues and signals of the infant,whose brain is programmed to mop up language rapidly.There are critical times,it seems,when children learn more readily._______(47)A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time,but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Linguists learn that speech milestones are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ (Intelligence Quotient).At twelve weeks a baby smiles and utters vowel-like sounds;at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands;at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words._______(48)
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.What is special about Man's brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a teddy-bear with the sound pattern"teddy-bear"._______ (49)
But speech has to be triggered,and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the cues and signals in the child's babbling,clinging,grasping,crying,smiling,and responds to them._______(50)Sensitivity to the children's non-verbal cues is essential to the growth and development of language.________（48）
A:At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences,and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
B:What was missing was good mothering.
C:Lots of information about benefits of baby signing and best ways to go about it can be found.
D:Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.
E:If these sensitive periods are neglected,the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again.
F:And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the hubbub of sound around him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language in novel ways.答案：A解析：从第二段第二句得知，本题所填句陈述的内容要比剥夺语言更严重，其后一句提到了“没有了母亲般的呵护”，结合这两点，选项B没有母亲般的悉心照护，最符合题意，是正确答案。
此题上一句提到：看起来，确有某些关键时期，孩子们学起来更容易。此句应为上一句的进一步陈述。所以，选项A假如这段敏感的时期被忽视，获得技巧的理想时间过去了，他们可能就再也不会如此轻松地学到东西了，从反面进一步陈述了上一句的内容，所以选项E是正确答案。
该空前文提到了孩子年龄和语言学习之间的关系。该空应该延续这一话题。选项A3岁的孩子懂得1 000个单词，并且能够组成句子；到了4岁时，孩子的语言与其父母的语言在风格上而不是在语法上有所差异，正是对前文所述内容的延续，所以选项F是正确答案。
该空前文提到人脑的特别之处，该空内容是该话题的延伸介绍。选项D 甚至更加不可思议的是，幼小的脑子能从周围的喧嚣声中听出语言表达的某种命令，用种种新奇的方式对某个语言的成分进行分析、组合以及重新组合，是对该话题的延伸介绍。所以，选项F是正确答案。
最后一段的主题句是：But speech has to be triggered, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child，但是说话需要激发。这得靠母亲和孩子的互动。该空前一句从正面阐述了这一观点：母亲要善于从孩子的申申呀呀中以及依偎、抓、哭、笑中辫别出不同含义和信号，并且做出反应。选项D母亲对孩子的上述信号持冷漠态度会减弱这种相互作用，因为孩子会扫兴，而只发出明显的信号，从反面阐述了孩子和母亲之间的互相影响，是正确答案。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Transport and Trade
1. Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.
2. The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods were delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
3. Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.
4. By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be earned. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
5. Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information .Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as______.
A:to send goods to various parts of the world
B:at any time during the year
C:has greatly promoted trade
D:is it possible to produce on a large scale
E:the transport of goods
F:it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：E解析：第二段首句说的是“在过去的两百年中，交通的大发展伴随着贸易的大增长”，点明了交通和贸易的关系，且例句中提到“大型的快速船只（交通方式）促进英国和新西兰之间进行肉类食品的贸易发展”，也表明了“交通对贸易的影响”，而段落最后一句说 “没有从遥远的地方带来的食物，大城市就不能生存下去”，因此可以判断该段讲述的是“交通对贸易的影响”。
第三段第三句说的是“交通给我们提供了比以前更多种多样的食物和商品”，且本段的最后-句是说“交通提高了我们的生活水平”,“更多种多样的食物和商品”与“生活水平”相关，因此判断A是答案。
由第四段第-句话中“...transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.”可知，交通促使工业和贸易建立起来，因此判断D是答案。
由第五段中“Means of communication...send information...advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.”可知，本段主要讲述的是信息在贸易中的作用。
空格后需要谓语结构，从搭配、含义和语法结构上看C项合适。该句含义是：现代通讯方式的发展已经大大地促进了贸易的发展。
Only引导的状语从句结构放在句首时，句子需要倒装，因此D项合适。该句的含义是“只有当商品能被很快地运往世界各地时，大规模的生产才有可能进行”。
由文章第三段倒数第二句话“Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of year can now be obtained all through the year.”可知，运输使得人们可以在一年的任何时候吃上他们想吃的任何食物。
由文章第五段第一句话“Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.”可知，在现代社会的贸易中，信息的传输和食物的运输同样重要。 -
第18题：
共用题干
Transport and Trade
1. Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.
2. The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods were delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
3. Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.
4. By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be earned. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
5. Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information .Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly______.
A:to send goods to various parts of the world
B:at any time during the year
C:has greatly promoted trade
D:is it possible to produce on a large scale
E:the transport of goods
F:it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：D解析：第二段首句说的是“在过去的两百年中，交通的大发展伴随着贸易的大增长”，点明了交通和贸易的关系，且例句中提到“大型的快速船只（交通方式）促进英国和新西兰之间进行肉类食品的贸易发展”，也表明了“交通对贸易的影响”，而段落最后一句说 “没有从遥远的地方带来的食物，大城市就不能生存下去”，因此可以判断该段讲述的是“交通对贸易的影响”。
第三段第三句说的是“交通给我们提供了比以前更多种多样的食物和商品”，且本段的最后-句是说“交通提高了我们的生活水平”,“更多种多样的食物和商品”与“生活水平”相关，因此判断A是答案。
由第四段第-句话中“...transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.”可知，交通促使工业和贸易建立起来，因此判断D是答案。
由第五段中“Means of communication...send information...advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.”可知，本段主要讲述的是信息在贸易中的作用。
空格后需要谓语结构，从搭配、含义和语法结构上看C项合适。该句含义是：现代通讯方式的发展已经大大地促进了贸易的发展。
Only引导的状语从句结构放在句首时，句子需要倒装，因此D项合适。该句的含义是“只有当商品能被很快地运往世界各地时，大规模的生产才有可能进行”。
由文章第三段倒数第二句话“Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of year can now be obtained all through the year.”可知，运输使得人们可以在一年的任何时候吃上他们想吃的任何食物。
由文章第五段第一句话“Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.”可知，在现代社会的贸易中，信息的传输和食物的运输同样重要。 -
第19题：
Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
正确答案:错误 -
第20题：
单选题Which of the following does the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting ?ASmall children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.
BComputer technology is never advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.
CElectrical malfunctions can destroy a project.
DThe worker often does not have all the needed resources at home.
正确答案： C解析： -
第21题：
问答题Language exists to communicate whatever it can communicate. Some things it communicates so badly that we never attempt to communicate them by words if any other medium is available. Those who think they are testing a boy’s “elementary” command of English by asking him to describe in words how one ties one’s tie or what a pair of scissors is like, are far astray. For precisely what language can hardly do at all, and never does well, is to inform us about complex physical shapes and movements. Hence descriptions of such things in the ancient writers are nearly always unintelligible. Hence we never in real life voluntarily use language for this purpose; we draw a diagram or go through pantomimic gestures. The exercises which such examiners set are no more a test of “elementary” linguistic competence than the most difficult bit of trick—riding from the circus ring is a test of elementary horsemanship. Another grave limitation of language is that it cannot, like music or gesture, do more than one thing at once. However the words in a great poet’s phrase interanimate one other and strike the mind as quasi-instantaneous chord, yet, strictly speaking, each word must be read or heard before the next. That way, language is as unilinear as time. Hence, in narrative, the great difficulty of presenting a very complicated change which happens suddenly. If we do justice to the complexity, the time the reader must take over the passage will destroy the feeling of suddenness. If we get in the suddenness we shall not be able to get in the complexity. One of the most important and effective uses of language is the emotional. It is also, of course, wholly legitimate. We do not talk only in order to reason or to inform. We have to make love and quarrel, to propitiate and pardon, to rebuke, to console, intercede, and a rouse. “He that complains,” said Johnson, “acts like a man, like a social being.” The real objection lies not against the language of emotion as such, but against language which, being in reality emotional, masquerades—whether by plain hypocrisy or subtle self-deceit—as being something else.正确答案： 【参考译文】
语言的存在就是用来表达它所能表达的一切。有些事情用语言表达效果太糟,所以如果有其他的媒介,我们从不用语言去表达。有人认为,让小孩用语言描述怎样系领带,或者描述一把剪刀的样子,就能测出他语言的“基本”水平,这种看法是完全错误的。语言做不到,也从来做不好的事,恰恰就是描述复杂的物体形状和动作。因此,古代作家对这类事情的描述,几乎总是让人看不懂。因此,我们在现实生活中,从来不会主动用语言来做这些事;我们会画一个图,或者用手势表示。这种语言测试设计,考的不是语言的“基本”能力,这就像用马戏团花样骑马表演中最难的部分,去考一个人的基本骑术。
语言的另一大局限就是它无法像音乐或手势那样,一次能做不止一件事。一个伟大的诗人,即使他的词句那样相互辉映,一瞬间好像和弦一样打动了我们,但是,严格来说,每一个字都是一个接一个地读到或听到的。这么说,语言就和时间一样,是单线前进的。因此,在叙事时,要描述瞬间发生的复杂变化,就十分困难。如果我们要把复杂性适当描述出来,读者阅读这一段语言所花的时间就会破坏瞬间感。如果我们要体现这件事的瞬间感,我们就无法表现其复杂性。
语言最重要、最有效的一种用途就是表达感情。这当然也完全是合情合理的。我们说话不止是为了讲道理、说事情。我们还要表达爱情、与人争吵、劝解抚慰、宽恕原谅,还要指责、安慰、调解、激发他人。约翰逊说过:“会抱怨的人行动起来才像一个人,才像一个社会的人。”我们真正要反对的并不是这种表达感情的语言,而是那种实质是表达感情,但却通过十足的虚伪或者是巧妙的自欺,伪装成别的东西的语言。解析： 暂无解析 -
第22题：
单选题Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____.Ahow people produce and recognize possible sentences
Bwhat constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
Chow words and phrases form sentences
DAll of the above
正确答案： B解析：
乔姆斯基在其经典理论中提出短语结构规则，这个规则有助于我们更好的明白句子是如何产生与被理解的，以及单词和短语是怎样根据语法规则形成句子的。 -
第23题：
判断题Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.A对
B错
正确答案： 错解析： 暂无解析 -
第24题：
问答题Despite the basic biological, chemical, and physical similarities found in all living things, a diversity of life exists not only among and between species but also within every natural population. The phenomenon of diversity has had a long history of study because so many of the variations that exist in nature are visible to the eye. 1) It has been suggested that sexual reproduction became the dominant type of reproduction among organisms because of its inherent advantage of variability, which is the mechanism that enables a species to adjust to changing conditions.New variations are potentially present in genetic differences, but how preponderant a variation becomes in a gene pool depends upon the number of offspring the mutants or variants produce (differential reproduction). 2)It is possible for a genetic novelty (new variation) to spread in time to all members of a population, especially if the novelty enhances the population’s chances for survival in the environment in which it exists.Thus, when a species is introduced into a new habitat, it either adapts to the change by natural selection or by some other evolutionary mechanism or else it eventually dies off. Because each new habitat means new adaptations, habitat changes have been responsible for the millions of different kinds of species and for the heterogeneity within each species. The total number of animal and plant species is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 4,500,000; authoritative estimates of the number of extinct species range from 15,000,000 up to 16,000,000,000. 3)Although the use of classification as a means of producing some kind of order out of this staggering number of different types of organisms appears as early as the book of Genesis—with references to cattle, beasts, fowl, creeping things, trees, etc.—the first scientific attempt at classification is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who tried to establish a system that would indicate the relationship of all things to each other.He arranged everything along a scale, or “ladder of nature”, with nonliving things at the bottom; plants were placed below animals, and man was at the top. 4)Other schemes that have been used for grouping species include large anatomical similarities, such as wings or fins, which indicate a natural relationship, and also similarities in reproductive structures. 5)At the present time taxonomy is based on two major assumptions: one is that similar body construction can be used as a criterion for a classification grouping; the other is that, in addition to structural similarities, evolutionary and molecular relationships between organisms can be used as a means for determining classification.正确答案：
(1)【答案】有人曾经提出:有性繁殖在有机生命体的繁殖方式中占支配地位,其原因在于有性繁殖所固有的变异性方面的优势。变异性是一种机制,能使物种自我调节以适应条件的变化。
【解析】该句需要注意的是It has been suggested...不能直接翻译成“它被建议…”,it指代的该句中that之后的内容,此处it只是起到形式主语的作用,因此应根据汉语多主动句的特点将其译为:有人曾经提出…。
(2)【答案】某种遗传变异(新变异)及时扩散到一个生物群体的所有成员,这是可能的。尤其当这种变异能提高该群体在其生存环境中的存活机会时,可能性更大。
【解析】本句需要注意的是对It is possible...的翻译,由于真正的主语是possible之后的内容,因此翻译时应译为:…是由可能的。此外,enhance的宾语为chances(机会),因此应取其“提高”的意思。
(3)【答案】虽然早在《物种起源》那本书中就使用分类方法把为数众多的不同种类的生物排列出了一个次序,书中提到的生物包括:家养牲畜、野兽、禽类、爬行动物、树木等。不过,真正从科学上首次尝试对物种分类还应归于希腊哲学家亚里士多德。他曾试图建立一个体系,来表明世界万物彼此之间的关系。
【解析】本句中破折号之间的内容为解释说明,翻译时可将其独立成句,并添加主语,即:书中提到的生物包括:家养牲畜、野兽、禽类、爬行动物、树木等。
(4)【答案】曾经用来进行物种分类的其他方法还有:根据解剖结构上存在的重大相似性分类,比如翅膀或鳍,这种相似性显示的是自然属性的关系;还可以根据繁殖系统结构的相似性分类。
【解析】anatomical意为“结构上的,解剖的”,fin指“鱼鳍,鳍状物”,该句中which引导的定语从句是对anatomical similarities的修饰。
(5)【答案】目前,生物分类学基于两大思路:一个是可以用生物体结构的相似性作为物种分类的依据;另一个是,除了结构的相似性以外,还可以把生物在进化以及分子方面的关联作为决定分类的依据。
【解析】taxonomy意为“(生物)分类学”,注意该句中被动形式“taxonomy is based on”与汉语主动形式“生物分类学基于…”之间的转换。解析： 暂无解析